1 25 6 https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/original/1/387/LIVRE_PHOTO_AMU_2019_V23_FINAL.pdf d53c672d4105f4de1965adb022cf6993 PDF Text Text BALADE AU CŒUR DES CAMPUS A WALK AROUND OUR CAMPUSES �BALADE AU CŒUR DES CAMPUS A WALK AROUND OUR CAMPUSES 58 Boulevard Charles Livon - 13284 Marseille cedex 07 Tél : 04 91 39 65 00 - Fax : 04 91 31 63 74 - dircom-contact@univ-amu.f www.univ-amu.fr �Yvon Berland Président d'Aix-Marseille Université President of Aix-Marseille University Aix-Marseille Université, née de la fusion réussie de trois établissements en 2012, est une jeune université riche déjà de mille facettes. En premier lieu, Aix-Marseille Université est riche de ses femmes et de ses hommes qui la font vivre chaque jour, incarnant un grand service public de qualité dédié à l’enseignement supérieur, la recherche, l’innovation et l’insertion professionnelle. 78  000 étudiants et 8  000 personnels de toutes compétences et disciplines, mais également alumni et anciens personnels, composent une communauté humaine d’une grande richesse qu’il me tient à cœur de saluer pour la qualité de son engagement et son professionnalisme. Aix-Marseille University was born from the successful merger of three institutions in 2012, making it a rich, young and multi-faceted university. At the core of Aix-Marseille University’s many assets are the men and women whose work gives it life every day, and who dedicate themselves to higher education, research, innovation and professional integration to ensure a top quality public service. Our rich and vibrant community is made of 78,000 students and 8,000 staff of all backgrounds and disciplines, as well as alumni and former staff, and it is a great privilege to pay homage to their commitment and professionalism. Aix-Marseille Université est riche également de projets profondément structurants pour notre territoire, contribuant à son rayonnement national et international. Notre Initiative d’Excellence pérennisée, devenue fondation universitaire, est un formidable levier de développement en terme d’innovations scientifiques et pédagogiques, source de progrès pour tous. La Cité de l’innovation et des savoirs Aix-Marseille, fondée avec nos partenaires institutionnels et privés, fait le pari de propulser l’ensemble d’un territoire à la pointe de l’innovation. Récemment, notre projet de création d’université européenne défend les valeurs citoyennes du bien-vivre ensemble que nous partageons avec plus de 300 000 autres membres de communautés universitaires dans sept pays européens différents. Enfin, Aix-Marseille Université est riche d’un positionnement géographique stratégique, bordant la mer Méditerranée, ainsi que d’un patrimoine bâti très varié et étendu. Implantée sur quatre départements de la région Sud, l’université a modernisé ses grands campus, élevés au niveau des standards internationaux. La stratégie patrimoniale est en constante évolution, notamment avec la dévolution du patrimoine d’État à venir et le nouvel enjeu énergétique auquel nous souhaitons répondre. C’est l’ensemble de ces richesses que cet ouvrage vous invite à découvrir, telle une balade au cœur de nos campus. C’est un hommage que je souhaite rendre à l’ensemble de notre communauté pour la formidable énergie créatrice qu’elle y déploie. Que cette découverte puisse vous faire ressentir la fierté et l’enthousiasme qui sont les nôtres de faire vivre un territoire, sa jeunesse, ses espoirs et ses ambitions, au sein d’un grand établissement de rang mondial. Aix-Marseille University also supports various projects that enhance our territory in fundamental ways, contributing to its national and international reputation. Our university was granted the French national Initiative of Excellence label, which subsequently became a university foundation. It provides powerful leverage for development in terms of scientific and pedagogical innovations and it is source of progress for all. The Aix-Marseille City of Innovation and Knowledge was founded in close collaboration with our institutional and private partners. It is an ambitious bid to position our territory at the avant-garde of innovation. Our recent project of creating a European university promotes the civic values of living together in harmony. We share these values with more than 300,000 other members of university communities located in seven various European countries. Finally, Aix-Marseille University occupies a strategic geographical location on the Mediterranean shore, and boasts a diversified and extensive architectural heritage. Our modern campuses extend over four "départements" of the Southern French region. The university has modernised them to make them meet the highest international standards. Our heritage strategy is constantly evolving, particularly with the coming devolution of formerly state-owned property and the new energy challenge we wish to address. Through this book, we invite you to take a walk around our campuses and their many treasures. It is a tribute I would like to pay to our entire community for the tremendous creative energy it deploys. I also wish to share with you, in these exploratory pages, our pride and enthusiasm in bringing a territory, its youth, hopes and ambitions to life within a great world-class institution. I hope that you enjoy reading it. Je vous en souhaite une bonne lecture. 4 5 ÉDITO EDITORIAL �A WALK AROUND OUR CAMPUSES BALADE AU CŒUR DES CAMPUS 10 14 Le Pharo Campus Aix-en-Provence 48 Campus Marseille Centre 64 Étoile Campus Marseille Campus Marseille Luminy 104 Campus Marseille Timone 120 Excellence & Innovation ensemble 80 Recherche, Bien vivre 136 Pharo 10 Aix-en-Provence Campus 48 Marseille Centre Campus Campus 64 Marseille Étoile Marseille Luminy Campus 104 Marseille Timone Campus 120 Excellence, Innovation harmony 14 80 Research, Living together in 136 6 7 SOMMAIRE SUMMARY �Aix-Marseille Université sur son territoire Aix-Marseille University in its territory Gap Digne-les-Bains Avignon Salon-de-Provence Arles Aix-en-Provence Aubagne La Ciotat Aix-Marseille Université Marseille Région Sud Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 8 9 AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ SUR SON TERRITOIRE AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY IN ITS TERRITORY �Gap Digne-les-Bains Avignon Campus Marseille-Étoile Salon-de-Provence Arles Aix-en-Provence Aubagne Campus Marseille-Centre Le Pharo LE PHARO, SIÈGE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ La Ciotat Marseille Campus Marseille-Timone Campus Marseille-Luminy Le siège politique et administratif de l’université est situé à Marseille dans le jardin du Pharo, surplombant le Vieux-Port. Il occupe quatre bâtiments rénovés, où près de 400 personnels travaillent. Deux grands amphithéâtres accueillent des événements internes et des colloques scientifiques tout au long de l’année. Ces lieux sont chargés d'histoire puisque deux des bâtiments ont été occupés pendant plus d'un siècle par l’Institut de médecine tropicale du service de santé des armées. Quant au Palais du Pharo, il abritait dès la fin du 19ème siècle l’École de médecine et de pharmacie, tandis que le pavillon d'anatomie, aujourd'hui siège de la présidence d'Aix-Marseille Université, a successivement accueilli le dépositoire, le laboratoire d’anatomopathologie et l’Institut de recherche sur le cancer. 10 11 LE PHARO LE PHARO The political and administrative headquarters of the university is located in Marseille, in the Jardin du Pharo, overlooking the Vieux-Port. It occupies four renovated buildings and is manned by some 400 staff. Two large amphitheatres host internal events and scientific conferences throughout the year. The whole place is steeped in history. Indeed, two of the buildings were occupied for more than a century by the Institute for tropical medicine of the Army health services. At the end of the 19th century, the adjacent Palais du Pharo was home to the School of medicine and pharmacy, while the anatomy pavilion, which the Presidency of Aix-Marseille University is today using as its central office, was successively home to the morgue, the anatomopathology laboratory and the Cancer research institute. ��Gap Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire Digne-les-Bains Avignon Salon-de-Provence Arles Aix-en-Provence Aubagne CAMPUS AIX-ENPROVENCE La Ciotat Marseille Au cœur du centre-ville aixois, le campus a bénéficié de financements de l’Opération campus permettant, en dix ans, la transformation totale des lieux d’accueil et de vie, les menant au plus haut niveau des standards internationaux pour recevoir ses 35 000 usagers. En grande majorité axé sur les sciences humaines et sociales, il propose des enseignements d’excellence pluridisciplinaires et interdisciplinaires en arts, lettres, langues et sciences humaines, en droit, en science politique, en économie et gestion, en management public et privé, en sciences et technologies, adossés à des équipes de recherche au sein du campus ou à proximité immédiate. Les services administratifs qui y sont hébergés, comme les nombreux services à l’étudiant, disposent à la fois de locaux neufs ou entièrement rénovés et d’un patrimoine immobilier plus ancien, prestigieux. Les sites de l'Arbois, Arles, Digne-les-Bains, Salon-de-Provence, Avignon, Gap et Puyricard lui sont rattachés. At the heart of Aix-en-Provence's city centre, the campus has received funding from the Operation campus scheme that led to a complete overhaul of the site’s living and working conditions over the last ten years. It can now boast facilities in line with the highest international standards and can accommodate 35,000 students and staff. With a strong focus on the humanities and social sciences, the campus offers multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary courses of excellence in the arts, humanities, languages and social sciences, law, political science, economics and management, public and private management and technology. It works in close collaboration with research teams within the campus or operating in neighbouring premises. The various administrative and student services on the campus benefit from new and completely refurbished facilities, as well as from older and prestigious heritage buildings. The campuses located in Arbois, Arles, Digne-lesBains, Salon-de-Provence, Avignon, Gap and Puyricard are branches of the Aix-en-Provence campus. 14 15 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE ��Ci-dessus : la passerelle « La Voyale » relie la faculté des arts, lettres, langues et sciences humaines à la faculté de droit et de science politique. Above: the “La Voyale” footbridge connects the faculty of arts and humanities to the faculty of law and political science. Ci-contre : le bâtiment Porte, véritable porte ouverte de l'université sur la ville. Ce bâtiment est un élément constitutif du « cœur de campus », abritant l'accueil du site, le pôle français langue étrangère et la direction des relations internationales. Left: the Porte building is the main gateway between the university and the city. This building is at the very heart of campus life. It hosts the campus reception, the French language school and the international relations department. 18 19 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Une université ouverte sur le monde An outward-looking university Aix-Marseille Université développe une politique internationale ambitieuse, au bénéfice de la recherche, de la formation et de l’innovation. Ouverte sur le monde, elle est active sur tous les continents : Asie, Amériques, Afrique, Europe et Proche-Orient. Toutefois, c’est dans l’espace euroméditerranéen qu’Aix-Marseille Université a forgé son identité. Ci-dessus : lors d'une cérémonie d'accueil des étudiants internationaux Above: a welcome ceremony for international students L’université est membre fondateur du consortium euro-méditerranéen Téthys et participe aux grands programmes d’action communautaire (Erasmus+, Jean Monnet, Horizon 2020), comme aux réseaux bilatéraux avec ses principaux voisins européens (Université FrancoAllemande et Université Franco-Italienne en particulier). Depuis 2016, Aix-Marseille Université dispose d’un bureau de représentation permanent à Bruxelles, une exception dans le paysage de l’enseignement supérieur français. La construction de l'université européenne fédère les universités d’Aix-Marseille, de La Sapienza à Rome, l'université autonome de Madrid, les universités d'Athènes, Stockholm, Bucarest, Tübingen et l'université libre de Bruxelles. En se reliant à ces partenaires, Aix-Marseille Université tisse les voies d’une plus grande intégration pour relayer les valeurs fondamentales du projet européen auprès des jeunes générations. Ainsi, l’université prépare l’avenir, en structurant l’espace euro-méditerranéen de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur, pour mieux répondre aux grands défis sociétaux. Hors d’Europe, elle développe des laboratoires conjoints (22 laboratoires internationaux à ce jour) et des diplômes en partenariat international. À Wuhan (province du Hubei), un nouveau campus franco-chinois est programmé en 2019, autour d'un institut de formation dans le domaine des sciences du vivant, des biotechnologies et de la biopharmacie dont les enseignements seront dispensés en français et en chinois. Aix-Marseille University is developing a far-reaching international policy to promote research, education and innovation. Our global university has an active presence on all continents: Asia, the Americas, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Yet, Aix-Marseille University’s core identity stems from its Euro-Mediterranean environment. The university is a founding member of the Téthys EuroMediterranean consortium and participates in major action programmes (Erasmus+, Jean Monnet, Horizon 2020) as well as in bilateral networks with its closest European neighbours (mostly the Franco-German and Franco-Italian Universities). Since 2016, Aix-Marseille University has had a permanent representative in Brussels, a rarity in the French higher education landscape. The construction project of the European university brings together Aix-Marseille University, the La Sapienza University of Rome, the Autonomous University of Madrid, the Universities of Athens, Stockholm, Bucharest, Tübingen and the Free University of Brussels. By strengthening its relationships with these universities, Aix-Marseille University is paving the way for a better integration to pass on the fundamental values of the European project to the young generations. Our university thus prepares for the future by structuring the Euro-Mediterranean region in the areas of research and higher education, so as to better address tomorrow’s major societal challenges. Outside Europe, we have developed joint laboratories (22) and joint international degrees. In Wuhan (province of Hubei), a new FrenchChinese campus will open in 2019, focusing on the fields of life sciences, biotechnology and biopharmacy. The classes will be given in both French and Chinese. 20 21 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Rénovation et modernisation des sites universitaires Refurbishment and modernisation of university campuses L'Opération campus dont a bénéficié Aix-Marseille Université, sur la période 2010-2021, permet la rénovation complète de deux campus : celui d'Aix-enProvence, quartier des facultés et celui de Luminy. Over the current 2010-2021 period, Aix-Marseille University benefits from Operation Campus funding which is used to finance overall refurbishment work on two campuses: one in Aix-en-Provence (Quartier des facultés) and one in Marseille Luminy. Ci-dessus : l'un des trois patios de la faculté des arts, lettres, langues et sciences humaines Ci-contre : patio de la faculté de droit et de science politique Above: one of the three patios of the faculty of arts and humanities Left: patio of the faculty of law and political science 22 23 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Aix-Marseille Université, plus grande université francophone, constitue un atout indéniable pour le territoire. Elle souhaite offrir à chaque étudiant des conditions de travail, de pratique sportive et culturelle du meilleur niveau. Elle fait de la qualité de vie étudiante, condition d’épanouissement et de réussite, une de ses préoccupations quotidiennes. La rénovation du campus aixois a été pensée afin de permettre la circulation des étudiants, des enseignants, des enseignants-chercheurs, des chercheurs et en définitive des savoirs. Aix-Marseille University is the largest French-speaking university in the world and a major asset for its territory. It aims at providing every student with the best environment for work, sports and culture. The quality of life for students is a condition for happiness and success, and one of our main priorities. The renovation of the Aix-en-Provence campus was designed to facilitate the movement of students, teachers, teachersresearchers, researchers – and, ultimately, to boost the circulation of knowledge among them. Ci-dessus : vues intérieures de la bibliothèque universitaire Pouillon Above: interior views of the Pouillon academic library Ci-contre : le Cube, élément principal du cœur de campus Left: the Cube, a key element at the heart of the campus Page de gauche : en arrière-plan la faculté de droit et de science politique. Les marches au premier plan cachent le restaurant universitaire en sous-bassement, sous le Patio de la Connaissance. Left page: in the background, the faculty of law and political science. The steps in the foreground are hiding the university restaurant below, under the Patio of Knowledge. 24 25 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Les campus d'Aix-en-Provence et de Luminy ont concentré les investissements de l’Opération campus. Ce choix traduit la volonté de soutenir une logique d’équilibre entre les disciplines  : sciences humaines et sociales pour le campus d'Aix-en-Provence et sciences et technologies pour « Marseille-Luminy ». Il s’agit aussi de respecter les différences urbanistiques majeures entre le site aixois, entièrement intégré dans la ville et le campus marseillais de Luminy, implanté dans un cadre environnemental naturel exceptionnel jouxtant le parc national des Calanques à distance du centre-ville. The most part of our Operation campus funds have been devoted to the Aix-en-Provence and Luminy campuses. This reflects our choice of treating disciplines in a fair and balanced way: human and social sciences for the Aix-en-Provence campus and science and technology for the Marseille-Luminy campus. We also wish to respect the major urban differences between the Aixen-Provence campus, which is truly part of the city of Aix-en-Provence, and the Marseille-Luminy campus, located in an exceptional natural environment, next to the Calanques National Park and distant from the city centre. L’Opération campus a développé de véritables projets d’aménagement urbain pour une université moderne, tournée vers la cité, offrant aux étudiants et aux personnels les meilleures conditions, tout en tenant compte de son histoire et de ses spécificités. The Operation Campus scheme has helped our modern university to develop truly innovative urban design projects. We are largely open to city life and we strive to offer our students and staff the best working conditions, while keeping a deep sense of local history and specificities. Ci-contre : l'amphithéâtre Portalis Right: the Portalis lecture-room 26 27 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Les bibliothèques universitaires The academic libraries (“BUs”) Ci-contre : la bibliothèque universitaire des Fenouillères Right: the academic library Les Fenouillères Soutien essentiel à la formation et à la recherche, les BU sont aussi des lieux de culture et de sociabilité. Elles contribuent à la vie des campus avec de larges horaires d’ouverture, dans des espaces conviviaux. À distance, les usagers ont accès 24/24h et 7/7j aux ressources et services documentaires en ligne. En 2017 et 2018, quatre BU neuves ou rénovées sur Aix-en-Provence et Marseille ont permis d'offrir des espaces de travail exceptionnels aux étudiants : An essential support for training and research, the BUs are also home to culture and sociability. They contribute to campus life with extended opening hours and friendly spaces. Users have 24/7 remote access to online documentary resources and services. In 2017 and 2018, renovation work was completed on four BUs in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, thus providing students with outstanding working conditions: | 1 � 8 BUs on campuses | �over 59 laboratory and department libraries | �over 35,000 m2, including 19,000 m2 of public spaces | 4,175 seats | 477 computers | Over 2 million visits a year | Nearly 3 million online visits a year | Over 30,000 online magazines | 1,5 million physical documents | 1 � 8 BU de campus | �+ de 59 bibliothèques de laboratoires et départements | + de 35 000 m², dont 19 000 m² d’espaces publics | 4 175 places assises | 477 postes informatiques | + de 2 millions d’entrées/an | Près de 3 millions de visites virtuelles/an | + de 30 000 revues en ligne | 1,5 million de documents physiques La bibliothèque universitaire des Fenouillères située au cœur du campus aixois offre 7 500 m² dédiés aux arts, lettres, langues et sciences humaines. Ouverte en 2017, elle se situe à proximité immédiate des lieux de vie (restauration, cafétéria, logements universitaires). Sur plusieurs étages, spacieuse et lumineuse, elle offre une vue dégagée sur la campagne aixoise environnante et sur la montagne Sainte-Victoire. At the heart of the Aix-en-Provence campus, the academic library Les Fenouillères focuses on arts, the humanities, languages and social sciences. It opened in 2017 and has a surface area of 7,500 m2. It is located in the immediate vicinity of campus life (university restaurants, cafeteria and accommodation). The building is vast and lets light in. Over several floors, it offers an open view on the surrounding Aix-en-Provence countryside and on the Montagne Sainte-Victoire. 28 29 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Ci-dessus et ci-contre : de vastes plateaux de lecture sont présents à la bibliothèque des Fenouillères, proposant un cadre de travail exceptionnel Both pages: large reading tables at the library Les Fenouillères provide an exceptional working environment 30 31 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Ci-dessus : le bâtiment pédagogique de l'institut universitaire de technologie (IUT) d'Aix-Marseille Ci-dessus : l'école supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation (ESPE), rue Jules Isaac, à Aix-en-Provence Above: the teaching building of Aix-Marseille’s institute of technology Above: the school of teaching and education (ESPE), on Jules Isaac street in Aix-en-Provence 32 33 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Ci-contre et page de droite : l'institut de management public et gouvernance territoriale (IMPGT), sis rue Gaston de Saporta, en l'hôtel Maynier d'Oppède, monument historique classé au cœur de la ville d'Aix-en-Provence Both pages: the institute of public management and territorial governance (IMPGT), on Gaston de Saporta street, in the mansion of Maynier d'Oppède, a historic heritage monument at the heart of the city of Aix-en-Provence 34 35 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Ci-dessus et ci-contre : la maison méditerranéenne des sciences de l'Homme (MMSH) et sa cour intérieure Above and right: the Mediterranean research centre for the humanities (MMSH) and its inner courtyard Ci-dessus et ci-contre : au cœur du jardin de l'institut d’administration des entreprises (IAE) à Puyricard Above: in the garden of the graduate school of management in Puyricard (IAE) 36 37 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Ci-dessus : le bâtiment et le patio de l'IUT de Digne-les-Bains Ci-dessus : étudiants en travaux pratiques de chimie, DUT génie biologique Above: the institute of technology and its inner courtyard in Digne-les-Bains Above: students in a chemistry lab (technology degree in biology engineering) 38 39 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE - SITE DE DIGNE-LES-BAINS CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE - SITE DE DIGNE-LES-BAINS �Ci-dessus : le bâtiment de l'école supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation (ESPE) de Digne-les-Bains Ci-dessus et ci-contre : le site universitaire de Gap abrite les formations de l'IUT, des facultés des sciences du sport et d'économie et gestion ainsi que des formations en soins infirmiers Above: the building of the school of teaching and education (ESPE) in Digne-les-Bains Above and right: the campus in Gap hosts the courses of the institute of technology, of the faculty of sports science, of the faculty of economics and management and of the nursing school 40 41 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE - SITE DE DIGNE-LES-BAINS CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE - SITE DE GAP �À Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, l'observatoire de HauteProvence UMS Pythéas 3470 AMU/CNRS est un site d'observation pour l'astronomie, l’environnement et l'étude de l'atmosphère. Il accueille des chercheurs du monde entier attirés par les équipements performants. Très actif dans le domaine pédagogique, il est aussi le seul observatoire en activité dont on peut visiter les installations. UMS Pythéas (3470 AMU/CNRS), the Haute-Provence observatory, in Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, is an observation site for astronomy, environmental and atmospheric studies. Researchers are keen to use its high-performance equipment and come from all over the world. The observatory plays a major role as an educational facility and it is the only active French observatory whose facilities can be visited. 42 43 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Ci-contre : l'espace Van Gogh, où se trouvent des formations en droit, économie, gestion et en médiation culturelle Left: the Van Gogh area, where courses in law, economics, management and cultural mediation are offered Ci-dessus : le plateau multimédia de l'IUT sur le site d'Arles, exploité par les étudiants du département métiers du multimédia et de l'internet Above: the institute of technology's multimedia platformon the campus of Arles, used by students from the multimedia and internet department Ci-contre : séances de travaux pratiques sur le site d'Arles Left: practical work on the campus of Arles 44 45 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE - SITE D'ARLES CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE - SITE D'ARLES �Ci-dessus : manipulation lors de mesures à l’accélérateur spectromètre de masse ASTER-CEREGE Ci-dessus : le plateau de l'Arbois abrite le centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement en géosciences de l'environnement, CEREGE - UMR 34 AMU / CNRS / IRD / Collège de France / INRA Above: measurement on the ASTER-CEREGE accelerator mass spectrometer Above: the Arbois plateau is home to the European centre for research and teaching in environmental geoscience, CEREGE UMR 34 AMU / CNRS / IRD / Collège de France / INRA Ci-dessus : salle de contrôle de l’accélérateur spectromètre de masse ASTER-CEREGE Above: control room of the ASTER-CEREGE accelerator mass spectrometer 46 47 CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE CAMPUS AIX-EN-PROVENCE �Gap Campus Marseille-Étoile Digne-les-Bains Campus Marseille-Centre Avignon Salon-de-Provence Arles Campus Marseille-Timone Aix-en-Provence Aubagne La Ciotat Marseille Campus Marseille-Luminy CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE Au cœur de la cité phocéenne, le campus Marseille Centre occupe des lieux historiques tels que le site Saint-Charles et la Canebière. Il jouxte également le Parc Longchamp et longe le bord de mer à Endoume. Il accueille des enseignements et des laboratoires dans les domaines des sciences et technologies, du droit, d'économie et gestion et des arts, lettres, langues, sciences humaines et sociales. Les antennes universitaires d’Aubagne et de La Ciotat dépendent de ce campus. Le site Saint-Charles a une longue histoire car il a abrité pendant longtemps la seule faculté des sciences du Sud-Est. Il a accueilli à la fin de la première guerre mondiale trois instituts en mathématiques et physique, chimie et sciences naturelles. Il en a conservé les bâtiments historiques. Aujourd’hui, c’est un lieu d’enseignement et de recherche majoritairement en sciences dites « dures » et en arts, lettres, langues et sciences humaines, ainsi que des services administratifs centraux. Desservi par tous les moyens de transports, il accueille plus de 13 000 étudiants. Sa bibliothèque, construite par Fernand Pouillon, est également très fréquentée. At the heart of the Phocaean City, the Marseille Centre campus occupies historic places such as the SaintCharles campus and the Canebière. Its other locations are next to the Longchamp Park and by the seaside in Endoume. It has courses and laboratories in the fields of science and technology, law, economics and management, and the arts, humanities, languages and social sciences. The branches of Aubagne and La Ciotat are also attached to the Marseille Centre campus. The Saint-Charles campus has a long history as it was for a long time the only faculty of science in SouthEast France. At the end of the First World War, it had three institutes in mathematics and physics, chemistry and natural sciences. It still occupies the same historic buildings. Today, it is a place for learning and research, especially the "hard" sciences, along with the arts, humanities, languages and social sciences. It is also home to central administrative services. Accessible by all means of transport, it has more than 13,000 students. Its library, built by Fernand Pouillon, is also very popular. 48 49 CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE �50 51 CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE �Ci-contre : les étudiants internationaux accueillis au « guichet unique », lieu qui leur est dédié durant deux mois pour faciliter leur installation et leurs démarches administratives, grâce à des services regroupés Left: the “Welcome Desk” is dedicated to international students joining the university. There, for two months, various services collaborate to help them through their accommodation and administrative procedures Ci-contre : le Musée Fabry est un espace visant à sauvegarder et faire connaître le patrimoine des instruments scientifiques, des calculateurs et du mobilier utilisés à la faculté des sciences de Marseille de 1880 à 1970 Left: the Fabry Museum aims at safeguarding and promoting the heritage of scientific instruments, calculators and furniture used at the Marseille faculty of science from 1880 to 1970 Ci-dessus : réunion de rentrée à la faculté des sciences sur le site Saint-Charles Above: inaugural meeting for the new academic year at the faculty of science on the Saint-Charles campus 52 53 CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE �Le bâtiment Bernard du Bois The Bernard du Bois building Le bâtiment Bernard du Bois est installé près du site universitaire Saint-Charles. Il offre aux étudiants et personnels des locaux entièrement neufs, dont l'architecture évoque une cabine de bateau. Il héberge des formations en masters et des unités de recherche dans le domaine de l'économie et gestion, ainsi qu'une bibliothèque. The Bernard du Bois building is located near the SaintCharles campus of the university. It offers students and staff thoroughly renovated premises whose architecture feels like a boat cabin. It accommodates Master's programmes and research units in economics and management, as well as a library. 54 55 CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE �L’IMéRA, de l’interdisciplinarité en Méditerranée IMéRA, interdisciplinarity in the Mediterranean area Ci-dessous : le télescope de Foucault Below: Foucault telescope Ci-dessus : l'IMéRA situé aux abords du parc Longchamp Above: the IMéRA, on the outskirts of Longchamp Park Fondation d’Aix-Marseille Université, l’Institut d’Études Avancées, IMéRA, accueille des chercheurs et artistes internationaux en résidence pour des séjours de 5 à 10 mois. L’institut permet à ses résidents d’accomplir leur projet de recherche en interface avec des équipes d’Aix-Marseille Université à travers une centaine de séminaires chaque année. Membre du Réseau français des instituts d’études avancées (RFIEA) et partie intégrante du programme UBIAS (University-Based Institutes of Advanced Studies), l’IMéRA contribue à la valorisation et au développement de démarches interdisciplinaires de recherche au niveau international. The Institute for Advanced Studies IMéRA is a foundation of Aix-Marseille University. It plays host to international researchers and artists in residence for 5 to 10-month stays. The institute enables its guests to conduct their research projects interfacing with Aix-Marseille University’s teams via around a hundred seminars per year. IMéRA is a member of the French network of institutes for advanced studies (RFIEA) and an integral part of the UBIAS programme (UniversityBased Institutes of Advanced Studies). It contributes to promoting and developing interdisciplinary research projects at international levels. 56 57 CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE �Ci-dessus : la station marine d'Endoume, plateforme d'océanologie biologique de l'OSU Pythéas Above: the Endoume marine station, a platform for biological oceanology of OSU Pythéas Ci-dessus : le plateau Malabar, situé à Endoume, dédié à l'étude de l'écologie chimique marine Above: the Malabar platform, in Endoume, dedicated to the study of marine chemical ecology 58 59 CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE �Ci-contre : prise de son multicanal par un étudiant de master 2 Cinéma et Audiovisuel parcours Son Ci-dessus : mixage son en 5.1 des films de master 2 Cinéma et Audiovisuel. À Aubagne réside le département SATIS, Sciences, arts et techniques de l'image et du son, rattaché à la faculté des sciences. Left: a 2nd year Master’s student in Cinema and Audiovisual media, specialising in sound, is pictured recording multichannel sounds Above: 2nd year Master’s students in Cinema and Audiovisual media, mixing the sound of their movies. The SATIS department of the faculty of science (sciences, arts and techniques of image and sound) is located in Aubagne. 60 61 CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE - SITE D'AUBAGNE CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE - SITE D'AUBAGNE �Pages de gauche et de droite : l'antenne d'Aubagne de la faculté des sciences du sport accueille en licence STAPS des étudiants de haut niveau ayant pour spécialisation l'équitation ou le VTT Both pages: the Aubagne branch of the faculty of sports science offers a STAPS degree to high-level students specialising in horse riding or mountain biking 62 63 CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE - SITE D'AUBAGNE CAMPUS MARSEILLE CENTRE - SITE D'AUBAGNE �Gap Digne-les-Bains Campus Marseille-Étoile Avignon Salon-de-Provence Arles Aix-en-Provence Aubagne Campus Marseille-Centre La Ciotat Marseille Campus Marseille-Timone CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE Campus Marseille-Luminy Au pied du massif de l’Étoile, dans un cadre privilégié de 180 hectares, le site de Saint-Jérôme et le technopole de Château-Gombert forment un lieu de convergence de formations supérieures, de recherche et d’activités économiques dans le secteur des hautes technologies, en particulier numériques et mécaniques. Près de 5 000 étudiants, enseignants et enseignants-chercheurs s’y côtoient pour des formations universitaires de haut niveau en mécanique, mathématiques et ingénierie. Avec la présence d’une dizaine de laboratoires de recherche, une centaine d’entreprises à proximité dont plus de 50 start-up, un incubateur inter-universitaire, un FabLab, deux pépinières d’entreprises et un Institut Carnot, ces formations bénéficient d’un formidable potentiel d’innovation, internationalement reconnu. At the foot of the Massif de l'Étoile, in a privileged setting of 180 hectares, the Saint-Jérôme campus and the Château-Gombert technology park form a hub for higher education, research and economic activities in the high-tech sector, particularly in the digital and mechanical fields. Nearly 5,000 students, teachers and teachers-researchers collaborate to impart high-level university courses in mechanics, mathematics and engineering. These courses benefit from an unparalleled and internationally renowned potential for innovation, thanks to the presence of about ten research laboratories, a hundred companies in the vicinity including more than 50 start-ups, an inter-university incubator, a FabLab, two business incubators and a Carnot Institute. 64 65 CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE �66 67 CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE �Ci-contre : le patrimoine d'Aix-Marseille Université comprend des œuvres telles que cette sculpture de Vasarely sur le site de Saint-Jérôme Ci-contre : l'école d'ingénieurs Polytech Marseille Left: Aix-Marseille University's heritage includes works such as this sculpture by Vasarely on the Saint-Jérôme campus Right: the Marseille Polytech engineering school 68 69 CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE �Ci-dessus : réglage d'une expérience de fragmentation des ions - équipe H2M, laboratoire d'excellence PIIM, physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires - UMR 7345 CNRS/AMU Ci-dessus : laser fragmentant des ions dans une expérience sous vide - équipe H2M, laboratoire d'excellence PIIM, physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires - UMR 7345 CNRS/AMU Above: preparing an ion fragmentation experiment - H2M team, PIIM laboratory of excellence, physics of ionic and molecular interactions - UMR 7345 CNRS/AMU Above: laser fragmenting ions in an experiment under vacuum - H2M team, PIIM laboratory of excellence, physics of ionic and molecular interactions - UMR 7345 CNRS/AMU 70 71 CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE �Ci-dessus et ci-contre : manipulation autour de l'évaporateur à film ascendant Above: an experiment on the ascending film evaporator Ci-dessus : expérience de distillation dans le hall pilote de l'IUT de Saint-Jérôme Above: a distillation experiment in the pilot hall of the Saint-Jérôme institute of technology 72 73 CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE �Ci-dessus : travaux pratiques des étudiants en DUT génie chimique, dans le hall pilote de Saint-Jérôme Above: students in chemical engineering (technology degree) in the pilot hall of Saint-Jérôme Page de droite : au large de Marseille, à 30 km d'altitude, la nacelle du ballon stratosphérique de l'IM2NP - UMR 7334 AMU/CNRS/Université de Toulon Right page: off the coast of Marseille, at an altitude of 30 km, the basket of the IM2NP stratospheric balloon - UMR 7334 AMU/ CNRS/University of Toulon 74 75 CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE �Ci-dessus : maquette de l'instrument NISP pour le télescope spatial EUCLID. À l'arrière-plan, des ingénieurs du Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM) assemblent l'instrument dans le hall d’intégration - UMR 7326 AMU/CNRS-INSU. Ci-dessus : modèle de développement de l’instrument NISP en cours d'intégration - LAM UMR 7326 AMU/CNRS-INSU Above: model of the NISP instrument for the EUCLID space telescope. In the background, engineers of the Astrophysics Laboratory of Marseille (LAM) are assembling the instrument in the integration hall - UMR 7326 AMU/CNRS-INSU. Above: integration of the engineering model of the NISP instrument LAM UMR 7326 AMU/CNRS-INSU 76 77 CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE �Une vie de campus dynamique et solidaire Welcome to our vibrant and caring campus life Ci-contre : le foyer des étudiants de Saint-Jérôme Right: the Saint-Jérôme student lounge Aix-Marseille Université déploie de nombreux dispositifs pour accompagner la vie étudiante et contribuer au bien-être de tous. Lieux d’accueil et d’information, les bureaux de la vie étudiante-Mission handicap (BVE-MH) sont une interface essentielle entre l’université et les nombreuses associations étudiantes. Grâce à l’action de la mission Handicap, les étudiants en situation de handicap sont soutenus tout au long de leur parcours, et bénéficient d’aménagements pour simplifier leur quotidien. Le fonds de solidarité et de développement des initiatives étudiantes (FSDIE) propose des aides financières pour les projets étudiants et soutient les étudiants en difficulté dans la construction de leur projet professionnel ou personnel. Aix-Marseille University operates many programmes providing support to students and contributing to the well-being of each and all. The Student Life-Mission Handicap office (BVE-MH) constitutes a crucial interface between the university and the numerous student associations. The Mission Handicap provides physically challenged students with support throughout their studies and with special facilities to meet their everyday needs. The solidarity and development fund for student initiatives (FSDIE) financially supports student projects as well as certain students in building their professional and personal projects. Page de gauche : une dizaine de salles sont réservées aux associations étudiantes Left: about ten rooms are dedicated to student associations Page de gauche : les oliviers du site de Saint-Jérôme ont donné leur premier millésime d'huile d'olive, mis en bouteille début 2018. Ce projet expérimental d’agriculture écologique permet aux étudiants et aux enseignantschercheurs de l’IMBE de suivre l’évolution agro-écologique d’un nouvel écosystème. Left page: the first production of olive oil from the olive trees of the Saint-Jérôme campus was bottled at the beginning of 2018. This experimental ecological agriculture project allows IMBE students and teachers-researchers to follow the agro-ecological evolution of a new ecosystem. Aix-Marseille Université porte aussi un réseau d'accès aux soins de santé dédié aux étudiants : RESAMU. Regroupant de nombreux praticiens sur les principaux sites, RESAMU assure à tous l’accès aux soins et oriente les étudiants dans le parcours de santé et le suivi éventuel. 78 79 CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE CAMPUS MARSEILLE ÉTOILE Aix-Marseille University has also set up an accessto-healthcare network for its students: RESAMU. It is composed of many doctors located on the university’s main campuses. RESAMU guarantees access to healthcare for all and, when needed, orientation through the health system and aftercare. �Campus Marseille-Étoile Gap Digne-les-Bains Avignon Campus Marseille-Centre Salon-de-Provence Arles Campus Marseille-Timone Aix-en-Provence Aubagne La Ciotat Marseille Campus Marseille-Luminy CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY Aux portes du Parc national des Calanques, le parc scientifique de Luminy se déploie sur 1000 hectares de nature et bénéficie d’infrastructures scientifiques, technologiques et sportives de très haute qualité. Avec un enseignement pluridisciplinaire (sciences et technologies, sciences du sport, ingénierie, océanologie) et abritant une trentaine de laboratoires de renommée internationale, ce campus offre à ses 10 000 étudiants des conditions de vie et de travail exceptionnelles. Ayant bénéficié de financements dans le cadre de l’Opération campus, les récentes rénovations et constructions ont amené les lieux de vie étudiante au plus haut niveau des standards internationaux. Ouvert sur le monde, il abrite également une vingtaine d’entreprises, PME et start-up — surtout dans le secteur des biotechnologies — une pépinière d’entreprises et un dispositif d’incubation. L’émulation générée par l’excellence de l’enseignement pluridisciplinaire, de la recherche et de l’éco-système économique forme ici une chaîne complète de l’innovation. At the doorstep of the Calanques National Park, the Luminy science park covers 1,000 hectares of natural landscape and enjoys top class facilities for science, technology and sports. This campus offers its 10,000 students exceptional living and working conditions: they include multidisciplinary teaching (in science and technology, sports science, engineering, oceanology) and some thirty internationally renowned laboratories. Thanks to funding from the Operation campus scheme, recent renovations and building constructions have brought student living spaces to the highest international standards. This global campus houses around twenty companies, SMEs and start-ups – especially in the biotechnology sector – a business incubator and incubation facilities. The site’s excellence stimulates emulation in multidisciplinary teaching, in research and in the business eco-system, all of which interconnect to form a creative chain of innovation. 80 81 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �82 83 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Ci-dessous : le bus à haut niveau de service dessert le cœur du campus depuis le centre-ville de Marseille Below: the high quality service bus connects the heart of the campus to the city centre of Marseille Ci-dessus : le TPR1, bâtiment entièrement rénové est dédié aux enseignements de la faculté des sciences Above: the TPR1 building has been thoroughly renovated and now hosts the pedagogical courses of the faculty of science 84 85 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Ci-contre : la plaine sportive est dotée d'équipements modernes à disposition des 13 000 usagers du campus Left: the 13,000 students and staff on campus have access to the sports complex and its ultra-modern facilities 86 87 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Un engagement durable et responsable A sustainable and responsible commitment Ci-dessus : le jardin partagé est géré par une association étudiante. Il est mis à la disposition des personnels et étudiants sur la base du volontariat. La culture y est biologique et autonome. Page de droite : le jardin zen d'Océanomed Right page: the Océanomed Zen garden En tant qu’acteur public majeur de son territoire, AixMarseille Université s’engage au regard des grands enjeux de notre société. L’université coordonne son action en faveur du développement durable dans le cadre d’un Plan Vert, déployé sur l’ensemble des campus. Il fédère la communauté universitaire autour des trois piliers du développement durable : les actions sur le campus (économies d’énergie, tri des déchets, achats durables, troc vert...), la recherche durable et interdisciplinaire et les formations. As a key regional public player, Aix-Marseille University addresses the major challenges of our society. Through a programme called “Green Plan”, it coordinates actions for sustainable development on all its campuses. The Green Plan federates the community around the three pillars of sustainable development: on-campus actions (e.g. energy savings, waste sorting, sustainable procurement, “green swap”), sustainable and interdisciplinary research, and training programmes. Above: the shared garden is taken care of by a student association. Staff and students can access it on a voluntary basis. The cultivation is organic and autonomous. 88 89 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Ci-dessus : étudiants de Polytech Marseille travaillant sur les panneaux solaires Above: engineering students at Polytech Marseille, working on solar panels Ci-dessus : dispositif expérimental et scaphandre prototypique utilisé dans le cadre de l'étude du geste d'atteinte en immersion, en collaboration avec la COMEX et sous l'égide du CNES, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement - UMR 7287 - AMU/CNRS Above: experimental set-up and diving suit prototype to study underwater reaching movements, in collaboration with COMEX and under the aegis of CNES, Institute of Movement Sciences UMR 7287 AMU/CNRS 90 91 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Pages de gauche et de droite : véritable cœur de campus, l'Hexagone a été entièrement rénové. Il fédère l'ensemble des usagers en un lieu d'échanges central offrant : bibliothèque universitaire, services d'orientation et d'insertion professionnelle, structures sportives, centre de langues, coffee bar... Both pages: at the heart of the campus, the Hexagone building has been completely renovated. It brings together all students and staff in a single focal place rich with amenities: an academic library, services for vocational guidance and professional integration, facilities for sports and languages, a coffee shop... Ci-dessus : vue nocturne du nouveau bâtiment Hexagone Above: the new Hexagone building by night 92 93 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Page de gauche et ci-contre : la bibliothèque universitaire : espace, modularité, confort Left page and left: the academic library: roomy, modular and comfy Ci-contre : hall d’accueil de l'Hexagone Left: the reception hall of the Hexagone 94 95 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Ci-dessus et ci-contre : la terrasse en bois et le bâtiment d'Océanomed Above and right: the wooden terrace and the Océanomed building Ci-dessus : étudiants en sciences en cours dans les nouveaux locaux du TPR1 Above: science students attending a class in the new TPR1 premises 96 97 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Pages de gauche et de droite : le campus propose de grands espaces, comme devant le hall de la faculté des sciences donnant sur les allées aménagées dans le respect de l'environnement Both pages: the campus enjoys vast spaces; here, the hall of the faculty of science overlooking pathways arranged in the respect of the environment 98 99 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Une université en forme A fit and healthy university Ci-contre : le Technosport accueille étudiants et personnels, chercheurs et sportifs de haut-niveau Left : the Technosport welcomes students and staff, researchers and high-level athletes Page de gauche : le mur d'escalade et le plateau recherche du Technosport Left page: the climbing wall and research platform at Technosport Aix-Marseille Université propose un large choix d’activités physiques et sportives à ses personnels et étudiants. Ces activités peuvent être pleinement intégrées dans le cursus universitaire, sous la forme de bonus ou d’unités d’enseignement. Regroupant l’ensemble de l’offre sportive d’Aix-Marseille Université et incluant de nombreux avantages, un Pack sport est destiné aux étudiants comme aux personnels. Aix-Marseille University offers students and staff a wide selection of physical and sports activities. Students can make these activities part of their courses and count them as extra credits or units. A Sports Package, including the whole range of sports available at AixMarseille University and offering many advantages, has been set up for both students and staff. Une cellule « haut-niveau » et un dispositif d’aide à la performance permettent aux étudiants sportifs de concilier études et compétition de haut-niveau. En matière d’équipements, l'université dispose d'un TechnoSport, structure ultra-moderne alliant pratique sportive, étude de la performance et recherche sur le mouvement humain. Le TechnoSport accueille des sportifs et équipes professionnelles. A “high-level” sports unit and a performance monitoring facility enable student athletes to combine their studies with top class competition. In terms of equipments, the university boasts the TechnoSport. This ultra-modern complex combines sports practice with studies on performance and research on human movement. It can host athletes and professional sports teams. 100 101 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Ci-dessus : modélisation et simulation du mouvement sportif et pathologique sur le plateau recherche du Technosport. Ci-dessus : organisation des vaisseaux sanguins d'un mélanome murin, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML) UMR 7280 - AMU/CRNS/Inserm Above: modelling and simulation of the sport and pathological movements on the Technosport research platform Above: blood vessels patterns in a murine melanoma, Immunology Centre of Marseille-Luminy (CIML) UMR 7280 - AMU/CNRS/Inserm 102 103 CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY CAMPUS MARSEILLE LUMINY �Gap Campus Marseille-Étoile Digne-les-Bains Avignon Salon-de-Provence Arles Campus Marseille-Centre Aix-en-Provence Aubagne Campus Marseille-Timone CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE La Ciotat Marseille Campus Marseille-Luminy À l’entrée de la ville de Marseille, à proximité immédiate des grands hôpitaux de l’AP-HM, le campus Timone abrite les enseignements et la recherche d’excellence en santé du territoire d’Aix-Marseille (médecine, maïeutique, soins infirmiers, métiers de la rééducation, pharmacie, odontologie). Une vingtaine de laboratoires bénéficiant d’équipements de haute technologie, pour certains labellisés dans le cadre du Plan d’Investissements d’Avenir, contribuent à la renommée internationale du site, en particulier dans les domaines des maladies infectieuses, de la génétique, de l’oncologie, de la cardiologie, des neurosciences et de l’imagerie médicale. Quelques 17 000 étudiants font vivre au quotidien ce campus auquel sont rattachés les enseignements en journalisme et communication de la rue Virgile Marron. As you enter the City of Marseille, in the immediate surroundings of the AP-HM hospitals, the Timone campus hosts the region’s health teaching faculties and world-class research labs (medicine, midwifery, nursing, physiotherapy, pharmacy, dentistry). Some twenty laboratories benefit from high-tech equipment, some of which have been labelled by the Investissement d'Avenir Programme. They contribute to the international reputation of the campus, particularly in the fields of infectious diseases, genetics, oncology, cardiology, neuroscience and medical imaging. About 17,000 students bring this campus to life every day. Courses in journalism and communication, located on Virgile Marron street, are also part of the campus. Pages suivante : le bâtiment pédagogique du campus Timone Next page: the teaching building of the Timone campus 104 105 CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE �106 107 CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE �Pages de gauche et de droite : le jardin et la bibliothèque universitaire de la faculté des sciences médicales et paramédicales Both pages: the garden and academic library of the faculty of medical and paramedical sciences 108 109 CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE �Ci-dessus : le hall d'entrée de la faculté de pharmacie et en arrière-plan, le nouveau bâtiment pédagogique du campus Above: the entrance hall of the faculty of pharmacy and, in the background, the new teaching building on campus Ci-dessus : travaux pratiques à la faculté d'odontologie Above: practical work at the faculty of dentistry 110 111 CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE �Ci-contre : préparation à l'abord chirurgical cortical pour de l'imagerie fonctionnelle de surface, à l'Institut des neurosciences de la Timone (INT) - UMR 7289 AMU / CNRS Ci-contre : un mannequin bébé 2.0 pour se former au métier de sage-femme Left: surgical approach for surface functional optical imaging at the Timone neurosciences institute (INT) - UMR 7289 AMU / CNRS Right: a baby manikin 2.0 for midwifery training 112 113 CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE �Ci-dessus : le CERIMED, Centre européen de recherche en imagerie médicale Above: CERIMED, European center for research in medical imaging Ci-dessus : travaux pratiques d'étudiants en pharmacie Above: practical work at the faculty of pharmacy 114 115 CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE �L'institut hospitalo-universitaire IHU - Méditerranée Infection est un pôle de recherche de rang mondial dans le domaine des maladies infectieuses et tropicales émergentes. Autour de plateformes technologiques comportant tous les outils les plus modernes dans la course technologique, permettant de rester compétitif au niveau de la recherche mondiale en maladies infectieuses, 4 unités de recherche (UMR) sont regroupées dans l’IHU : Ci-dessus : l'excellence scientifique et technique est au service des neurosciences fondamentales et cliniques. Le Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM) dispose d'un IRM 7Tesla, unique en France, et le centre IRM-INT d'une IRM 3Tesla. Above: scientific and technical excellence is at the service of fundamental and clinical neurosciences. The Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine (CRMBM) owns a 7-Tesla MRI scanner — the only one in France — and the MRI-INT centre a 3-Tesla MRI scanner. • Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection MEPHI - UMR D258 AMU/IRD • Vecteurs - Infections TROpicales et Méditerranéennes VITROME - UMR D257 et UMR MD4 IRD/SSA/AMU • Sciences Économiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale SESSTIM - UMR S1252 et UMR D259 Inserm/IRD/ AMU • Unité des Virus Émergeants UVE - UMR S1207 et UMR D190 AMU/IRD/Inserm/ EFS The IHU-Méditerranée Infection, a University-Hospital Institute, is a world-class research centre in the field of emerging infectious and tropical diseases. Its technological platforms are equipped with the most advanced tools in the technological race, which give them an edge in global infectious disease research. The IHU has four research units (UMRs): • Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infections MEPHI - UMR D258 AMU/IRD • Vectors - TROpical and Mediterranean Infections VITROME - UMR D257 and UMR MD4 IRD/SSA/ AMU • Economic and Social Sciences of Health and Medical Information Processing SESSTIM - UMR S1252 and UMR D259 Inserm/IRD/ AMU • Emerging Viral Diseases Unit UVE - UMR S1207 and UMR D190 AMU/IRD/Inserm/ EFS 116 117 CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE �Ci-contre : étudiants en 2ème année du Master Journalisme dans la salle de montage TV et web Left: 2nd year Master’s students in Journalism, in the TV and web editing room Ci-contre : l'école de journalisme et de communication d'Aix-Marseille (EJCAM), rue Virgile Marron Ci-dessus : étudiants en 2ème année du Master Journalisme s'exerçant dans un studio disposant d'un plateau télé et d'une régie numérique Left: the school of journalism and communication of Aix-Marseille University (EJCAM), on Virgile Marron street Above: 2 year Master’s student in Journalism working in a studio equipped with a TV set and a digital control room nd 118 119 CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE CAMPUS MARSEILLE TIMONE �RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE INNOVATION & Ci-contre : platefome H2C2, Maison de la Recherche Right: H2C2 platform, House for Research 120 121 RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION �Une recherche toujours plus audacieuse At the cutting edge of scientific research Université de recherche intensive, Aix-Marseille Université est labellisée Initiative d'Excellence depuis 2012, pérennisée depuis 2016. Elle apporte une large contribution à l’économie de la connaissance et à la diffusion du savoir, portant une recherche fondamentale disciplinaire et interdisciplinaire à enjeux sociétaux. Elle est associée aux grands acteurs nationaux de la recherche : CNRS, Inserm, IRD, EHESS, CEA, IFSTTAR, INRA... avec lesquels elle élabore et conduit une stratégie scientifique. Aix-Marseille Université a favorisé l'interdisciplinarité et créé 5 Pôles de recherche interdisciplinaires et intersectoriels (PR2I), pour favoriser l’interaction entre les disciplines. Aix-Marseille Université est attentive au rayonnement de la recherche, par une forte coopération institutionnelle internationale et un positionnement actif sur les financements européens et internationaux. Elle participe grandement à l'attractivité du site d'Aix-Marseille, en soutenant les candidatures d'enseignants-chercheurs et de chercheurs au programme de l'ERC (European Research Council), matérialisé par la création en 2017 d'un club des ERC d'Aix-Marseille : le CERCle. Ci-dessus : signalisation dans les cellules souches et tumorales - Neuron Fireworks, équipe Maina, IBDM - UMR 7288 AMU / CNRS Dans le cadre du Programme d’Investissements d'Avenir, Aix-Marseille Université porte deux Instituts Convergences, CenTuri et ILCB, deux projets labellisés Recherche Hospitalo-Universitaire en santé (RHU), PioNeeR et EPINOV, et deux projets labellisés Aix-Marseille University is a research-intensive university that was granted the French national Initiative of Excellence label in 2012 – then made permanent in 2016. The university makes significant contributions to the knowledge-based economy and to knowledge dissemination. Through its disciplinary and interdisciplinary fundamental research, it also addresses the great societal challenges of our time. Aix-Marseille University collaborates with the leading national research organisations (CNRS, Inserm, IRD, EHESS, CEA, IFSTTAR, INRA...) and shares with them a common scientific development strategy. The university also encourages interdisciplinarity, and set up five interdisciplinary and intersectoral research poles (PR2I) to that purpose. Aix-Marseille University is keen to disseminate its research results through determined institutional and international cooperation and dynamic bidding to obtain European and international funding. The university greatly contributes to the Aix-Marseille region’s attractiveness, by supporting applications from teachers-researchers and researchers to the ERC (European Research Council) programme, materialised by the creation in 2017 of a Club of Aix-Marseille’s ERCs: “Le CERCle”. As part of the Investissement d’Avenir Programme (PIA), Aix-Marseille University supports two “Instituts Convergences”, CenTuri and ILCB, two projects labelled Above: markings in stem and tumour cells - Neuron Fireworks, Maina team, IBDM - UMR 7288 AMU / CNRS 122 123 RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION �Ci-contre : imagerie de l’expression tissulaire de l’Angiomotine sur un modèle d’ischémie périphérique chez la souris - C2VN UMR 1263 AMU / Inserm / INRA, et CERIMED (AMU) Left: TEP imaging of Angiomotin expression five days after induction of hindlimb ischemia in mice - C2VN UMR 1263 AMU / Inserm / INRA and CERIMED (AMU) Écoles Universitaires de Recherche (EUR), AMSE et nEURo*AMU. Aix-Marseille Université se structure par la création d'instituts d'établissement renforçant le lien formation/recherche dans des domaines à fort potentiel ou au sein desquels l'université dispose d'une expertise de rang mondial. Chiffres clés : • 5 axes interdisciplinaires : énergie ; environnement ; santé ; sciences de la vie ; sciences et technologies avancées ; humanités • 119 structures de recherche en lien avec le CNRS, l'Inserm, l'IRD, l'INRA, le CEA et l'IFSSTAR • 6 600 publications (Web of Science 2017) • 3 pôles d'innovation territoriaux • 1 Cité de l'innovation et des savoirs Aix-Marseille • 12 écoles doctorales • 3 300 doctorants “University-Hospital research in health” (RHU), PioNeeR and EPINOV, and two projects labelled “Graduate schools of research” (EUR), AMSE and nEURo*AMU. Aix-Marseille University structures itself by creating institutes to strengthen ties between education and research in high-potential fields or in areas in which the university enjoys world-class expertise. Key figures: • 5 interdisciplinary research axes: energy; the environment; health and life sciences; advanced sciences and technologies; the humanities • 119 research structures attached to CNRS, Inserm, IRD, INRA, CEA and IFSSTAR • 6,600 publications (Web of Science 2017) • 3 territorial innovation clusters • 1 Aix-Marseille City of Innovation and Knowledge • 12 doctoral schools • 3,300 PhD students Ci-dessus : mise en place d’un échantillon dans le nano-tomographe à rayons X de la plateforme MatriX, labellisée Aix-Marseille Université, centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement en géosciences de l'environnement, CEREGE - UMR 34 AMU / CNRS / IRD / Collège de France / INRA Above: handling a sample for X-ray nano-tomography within the MatriX platform, AMU-labelled, European centre for research and teaching in environmental geoscience, CEREGE - UMR 34 AMU / CNRS / IRD / Collège de France / INRA 124 125 RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION �Ci-dessus : exposition au Musée Départemental Arles Antique, 2016, Paysages du delta du Rhône, OSU-Pythéas / CEREGE Above: exhibition at the Musée Départemental Arles Antique, 2016, Views of the Rhône delta, OSU-Pythéas / CEREGE Ci-contre : l'osthéothèque au laboratoire méditerranéen de préhistoire Europe-Afrique, LAMPEA UMR 7269 Right: the osteology collection, at the Mediterranean laboratory of Europe-Africa prehistory, LAMPEA UMR 7269 126 127 RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION �Ci-dessus : machine de dépôt sous vide BÜHLER SYRUSpro : évaporation assistée par plasma. Illustration d'interférences dans les couches, espace photonique, institut Fresnel - UMR 7249 AMU / CNRS / Centrale Marseille Ci-dessus : microsope à effet tunnel, équipe PS, laboratoire d'excellence PIIM, physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires - UMR 7345 CNRS/AMU Above: BÜHLER SYRUSpro vacuum deposition machine: plasma-assisted electron beam deposition. Illustration of interference effects in the layers, Fresnel institute, Optical Thin Film Platform - UMR 7249 AMU / CNRS / Centrale Marseille Above: scanning tunnelling microscope, PS team, PIIM laboratory of excellence, physics of ionic and molecular interactions - UMR 7345 CNRS/AMU 128 129 RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION �Ci-dessus : le Gyptis, réplique d'un navire grec du VIe siècle avant notre ère, Centre Camille Jullian - UMR 7299 AMU / CNRS Above: the Gyptis, replica of a Greek ship dated 6th c. BC, Camille Jullian Centre - UMR 7299 AMU / CNRS Ci-dessus : les chercheurs en archéologie expérimentale ont construit ce bateau en reproduisant à l'identique les gestes et le savoir-faire des bateaux cousus de l'époque Above: to build this boat, researchers in experimental archaeology used the same gestures and techniques as in the times of the sewn boats, Camille Jullian Centre - UMR 7299 AMU / CNRS 130 131 RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION �La fondation universitaire A*Midex, accélérateur de projets The A*Midex University Foundation, a project accelerator Ci-dessous : instrumentation des paramètres environnementaux à l'Observatoire de Haute Provence Below: instrumentation of environmental parameters at the Haute-Provence Observatory Créée en janvier 2012 par Aix-Marseille Université et ses partenaires (CNRS, Inserm, CEA, IRD, ECM, IEP, APHM) dans le cadre du PIA 1 puis pérennisée en 2016, la fondation A*Midex (Initiative d’Excellence d’AixMarseille) participe au déploiement de projets novateurs en formation, en recherche, en attractivité, à visibilité internationale. Dotée de près de 26 millions d’euros par an, la fondation A*Midex accompagne et appuie la stratégie du site d’Aix-Marseille et de l’université dans cinq domaines  : Énergie  ; Environnement  ; Santé et sciences de la vie ; Sciences et Technologies ; Humanités. Depuis fin 2016, la fondation A*Midex impulse des synergies innovantes et ambitieuses avec les acteurs socio-économiques et culturels. La fondation lève des fonds au service des ambitions collectives du territoire, l'enjeu étant de contribuer à la prospérité et au rayonnement local, national et international de l’université. The A*Midex Foundation (Aix-Marseille Initiative of Excellence) was created in January 2012 by AixMarseille University and its partners (CNRS, Inserm, CEA, IRD, ECM, IEP, AP-HM) in response to the PIA 1. Its Idex label was made permanent in 2016. A*Midex participates in the implementation of innovative projects in education, research and attractiveness with an international scope. With its annual budget of nearly €26 million, A*Midex supports the Aix-Marseille site and Aix-Marseille University’s strategy in five areas: Energy; the Environment; Health and life sciences; Science and technology; the Humanities. Since late 2016, the A*Midex Foundation has been fostering innovative and far-reaching synergies with socio-economic and cultural actors. The Foundation raises funds to support the collective ambitions of the region, thus contributing to the prosperity and to the regional, national and international prestige of the university. Ci-contre : le télescope IRiS, équipement labellisé IDEX, est à disposition des collégiens, lycéens et étudiants, afin de permettre la découverte du ciel tout en offrant la possibilité de se former à des techniques scientifiques modernes Above: the IRiS telescope, an IDEX-labelled equipment, is available for students from secondary school to Master's degree levels, so that they can learn about the sky and about modern scientific techniques 132 133 RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION �La Cité de l'Innovation et des Savoirs Aix-Marseille The Aix-Marseille City of Innovation and Knowledge Née de la volonté d’Aix-Marseille Université et de ses partenaires - la Métropole Aix-Marseille Provence, l'incubateur Obratori de L’Occitane et l'incubateur ZeBox de la CMA CGM, la Cité de l’Innovation et des Savoirs Aix-Marseille est un lieu unique et collaboratif, hébergeant les acteurs de l’innovation du territoire. Espace de formations vouées à la créativité (projet, entrepreneuriat, start-up...), elle constitue un croisement audacieux entre recherche, innovation, formation et culture, dédié à la création d’entreprises, de valeurs sociétales et d’emplois. La Cité de l'Innovation et des savoirs Aix-Marseille poursuit plusieurs objectifs : • devenir la vitrine du territoire en matière de recherche publique et d’innovation pour les acteurs socio-économiques et pour l’ensemble des citoyens ; • réduire le temps de mise sur le marché entre les résultats de la recherche et leur transformation par les partenaires industriels en produits et services pour les consommateurs ; • diffuser de la culture scientifique, technique et industrielle auprès du plus grand nombre. The Aix-Marseille City of Innovation and Knowledge stems from the determination of Aix-Marseille University and its partners, the Aix-Marseille-Provence metropolis and the two incubators Obratori (L'Occitane) and ZeBox (CMA CGM), to create a unique space for collaboration and to host the innovation stakeholders of the territory. At the crossroads of research, innovation, training and culture, it is a creative training area (projects, entrepreneurship, startups) dedicated to the creation of companies, societal values and jobs. The Aix-Marseille City of Innovation and Knowledge has several objectives: • becoming the showcase of the territory in terms of public research and innovation, for the socioeconomic world and for all citizens; • reducing the time to market between public research results and their transformation by industrial partners into products/services for consumers; • disseminating scientific, technical and industrial culture to a wider audience. 134 135 RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION RECHERCHE, EXCELLENCE & INNOVATION �BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE �Un engagement responsable Our responsible commitment Université responsable, Aix-Marseille Université a élaboré une charte pour l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, ainsi qu’une charte d’engagement LGBTI, et mène des actions concrètes de lutte contre toutes les discriminations en matière de formation, de recherche au bénéfice de l'ensemble de sa communauté. La lutte contre le harcèlement sexuel est également une priorité. Un dispositif de prévention a ainsi été mis en œuvre et un numéro unique permet de signaler anonymement les attitudes inappropriées. En 2016, une mission égalité des chances a été créée, afin que l’accès aux études supérieures soit ouvert à tous. Par ailleurs, Aix-Marseille Université propose de nombreux dispositifs en faveur de ses étudiants et personnels en situation de handicap : aménagements d’études et d’examens, qui viennent compléter les aménagements structurels et les actions menées dans le cadre du schéma directeur du handicap. As a responsible university, Aix-Marseille University has published a gender equality charter and an LGBT commitment charter. It takes practical antidiscrimination measures in the areas of education and research in the interest of our community as a whole. Preventing sexual harassment is also a priority. Preventive measures have been taken and a hot-line has been set up to anonymously signal inappropriate behaviours. In 2016, an office for equal opportunities was created to ensure that higher education is open to all. Aix-Marseille University also offers many arrangements for physically-challenged students and staff: studies and examination arrangements, structural facilities, and actions led in the framework of the existing programme for handicap. Ci-contre : ce geste signifie « ensemble » en Langue Française des Signes, ensemble à Aix-Marseille Université Left: this gesture means "together" in French sign language – together at AixMarseille University 138 139 BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE �10 000 étudiants internationaux sur les campus 10,000 international students on our campuses L'université a à cœur de faciliter l’intégration des étudiants internationaux. Chaque année, ils sont mis à l'honneur lors de deux soirées d’accueil chaleureuses et conviviales sur les campus marseillais et aixois, en présence du Président. Fière de son ancrage méditerranéen et francophone, elle mène, par ailleurs, une politique ambitieuse de promotion de la mobilité européenne et internationale auprès de ses étudiants et personnels. The university is committed to facilitating the integration of international students. Each year, they are greeted on the occasion of two warm and friendly welcome evenings on the Marseille and Aix-en-Provence campuses, in the presence of the President. Proud of its Mediterranean and French-speaking roots, AixMarseille University also deploys an ambitious policy for promoting European and international mobility among its students and staff. Page de gauche et ci-contre : soirées d'accueil des étudiants internationaux Both pages: welcome evenings for international students 140 141 BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE �Bien vivre ensemble lors de moments fédérateurs Staging collective sharing events for a harmonious communal life Ci-dessus et ci-contre : Dans'AMU, plus de 200 danseurs étudiants et Chor'AMU, la chorale de l'université Above and left: Dans'AMU, with more than 200 students/dancers and Chor'AMU, the university’s choir Page de droite : O'Jazz AMU Right page: O'Jazz AMU Soucieuse du bien vivre ensemble de la communauté universitaire, Aix-Marseille Université porte de nombreux événements festifs et fédérateurs, accueillis chez de nombreux partenaires : les représentations sur scène de l'orchestre symphonique OSAMU et du Jazz band, le rendez-vous annuel festif « Festiv’AMU », les Rencontres de danse, la Fête des personnels... Aix-Marseille Université organise également des manifestations conviviales sur ses campus, telles que les soirées d’accueil des étudiants internationaux, le Printemps des associations, les Rendez-vous santé et bien-être, les remises de diplômes, les soirées académique et scientifique ou encore les nombreux colloques scientifiques et débats grand public sur les enjeux de société. 142 143 BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE At Aix-Marseille University, the well-being of our university community takes centre stage. We stage numerous festive and federative events, in connection with the territorial community and hosted by many partners: stage productions of the university’s symphony orchestra and Jazz Band, Festiv'AMU, the Prom Night for students, the dance festival, the staff party... Aix-Marseille University also hosts convivial events on all its campuses, such as welcome evenings for international students, a forum of associations, a fair for health and well-being, graduation ceremonies, academic and scientific evenings, and numerous scientific conferences and public debates on today’s societal challenges. �Ci-contre : des étudiantes enthousiastes lors des épreuves de Sportiv'AMU Left: enthusiastic students taking part in the Sportiv'AMU events Ci-dessus : OSAMU, orchestre symphonique de l'université Page de droite : des ateliers de culture scientifique et technique sont organisés toute l'année et permettent aux doctorants de vulgariser la science auprès des jeunes publics Above: OSAMU, the university’s symphony orchestra Right page: throughout the year, PhD students disseminate science among young audiences through scientific and technological culture workshops 144 145 BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE �Pages de gauche et de droite : la Nuit Européenne des Chercheurs 2018 Both pages: European Researchers' Night 2018 146 147 BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE �Pages de gauche et de droite : Sportiv'AMU, sur les plages du Prado, à Marseille Both pages: Sportiv’AMU, on the Prado beaches, in Marseille 148 149 BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE �Ci-dessus : Fête de Noël au bénéfice des enfants du personnel Ci-dessus : les étudiants du centre de formation des musiciens intervenants (CFMI) Above: students of the Music educators training centre (CFMI) Above: Christmas Party for the staff’s children 150 151 BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE �Ci-dessus : les représentants de l'université européenne en cours de construction, Civis european university, lors de la soirée de Rentrée solennelle 2018. À L’initiative d’Aix-Marseille Université, un projet d'université européenne s'est construit, l'alliant aux universités Autonoma de Madrid, de La Sapienza de Rome, d’Athènes, de Tübingen, de Bucarest, de Stockholm et à l’université libre de Bruxelles. Ce partenariat stratégique sera une forte valeur ajoutée pour les étudiants européens. Ci-dessus : Doctorats Honoris Causa et prix de thèse sont remis lors de la Soirée Scientifique annuelle, ici en 2017 au siège de l'université Above: Honorary Doctorates and thesis prizes are awarded at an annual Scientific Evening, here in 2017 at the university headquarters Above: the representatives of the upcoming European university, the Civis European University, at the official opening ceremony of the 2018/2019 academic year. At the initiative of Aix-Marseille University, a European university project is being started in collaboration with the Autonomous University of Madrid, the La Sapienza University of Rome, the Universities of Athens, Tübingen, Bucarest, Stockholm and the Free University of Brussels. This strategic partnership will provide strong added value to European students. Ci-contre : ouverture de la Rentrée solennelle 2018 Left: official opening ceremony of the 2018/2019 academic year 152 153 BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE �Aix-Marseille Université déploie son réseau Alumni Aix-Marseille University deploys its Alumni network REJOIGNEZ-NOUS ! JOIN US ! Animer un réseau des alumni est un défi stratégique de développement pour Aix-Marseille Université. Aix-Marseille University makes the development of a network of alumni one of its strategic priorities. En décidant de construire le réseau des anciens étudiants de la plus importante université francophone au monde, elle entend leur offrir des potentialités inégalée d’opportunités en matière d’insertion professionnelle et d’ouverture au monde. By building the alumni network of the world's largest French-speaking university, Aix-Marseille University aims to offer its students a unique pool of opportunities for professional integration and openness to the world. Fédérer ainsi la communauté des diplômés d’Aix-Marseille université renforce le sentiment d’appartenance, même au-delà des frontières, et promeut l’excellence de l’enseignement supérieur, de l’innovation et de la recherche de notre territoire. Rejoignez-nous ! Bringing together the community of Aix-Marseille University’s graduates strengthens their sense of belonging, even beyond borders, and promotes the excellence of our territory’s higher education, innovation and research. Join us! www.univ-amu.fr Aix-Marseille Université Aix-Marseille Université @univamu @aixmarseilleuniversite boutique.univ-amu.fr 154 155 BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE BIEN VIVRE ENSEMBLE �Aix-Marseille Université en quelques chiffres Aix-Marseille University, key figures 5 + de over dont including 78 000 10 000 8 000 6 + de over 6 étudiants students étudiants internationaux international students personnels staff secteurs de formation et de recherche education and research fields || Arts, lettres, langues et sciences humaines || Arts, humanities, languages and social sciences || Droit et sciences politiques || Law and political science || Economie et gestion || Economics and management || Santé || Health || Sciences et technologies || Science and technology || Secteur pluridisciplinaire || Multi-disciplinary sector groupements interdisciplinaires de formations thématiques : GIFT interdisciplinarity groups of thematic courses || Aéronautique || Aeronautics || Big Data || Big Data || Handicap || Handicap || Mer et activités maritimes || Sea and maritime-related activities || Tourisme || Tourism || Vieillissement || Aging 18 5 58 119 1 12 3 300 720 axes de recherche interdisciplinaire interdisciplinary research interests || Énergie || Energy || Environnement || Environment || Santé, sciences de la vie || Health and life sciences || Sciences et technologies avancées || Advanced sciences and technologies || Humanités || Humanities composantes faculties grands campus large campuses sites répartis sur : locations in: || Aix-en-Provence || Marseille || Arles || Aubagne || Avignon || Digne-les-Bains || Gap || La Ciotat || Salon-de-Provence structures de recherche research structures IDEX pérennisée long-term Initiative of Excellence project écoles doctorales doctoral schools doctorants PhD students millions d'euros de budget A budget of 720 million euros 156 157 AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ EN QUELQUES CHIFFRES AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY KEY FIGURES �Un défi Une force Une ouverture Un engagement : Une force Une ouverture Un engagement Un défi : l’audace meilleur pour tous le meilleur le monde transmettre l’audace pour tous le transmission monde transmettre the best for all Our challenge: Our commitment: 158 159 �Une ouverture Un engagement Un défi Une force : Our strength: Un engagement Un défi Une force Une ouverture : transmettre le monde l’audace le meilleur le monde pour t transmettre l’audace meilleur pour tous boldness the world 160 Our range of action: 161 �Directeur de la publication Directeur de la rédaction Rédactrice en chef Textes et mise en page Traductions Crédits photos Impression Yvon Berland Patrice Vanelle Delphine Bucquet Claudie Galnon, Frédéric Escalier, Rémi Mollard Florian Morin et Maison Interdisciplinaire des Ressources et Recherches En Langues Jean Fondacci et Aix-Marseille Université sauf Sarah Chambon (p. 10, 11, 14, 16) - CARTA Associés, Tangram Architectes et Espace Architecture International (p. 25) IM2NP (p. 75) - SIMEXPLOR (p. 90) - Camille Boulicault - Campus Communication (p. 91) - Marcello Delfini / Mathieu Fallet / Photothèque CNRS (p. 103) - Oleg Mediannikov / IHU (p. 119) Serena Corti / IBDM (p. 122) - CERIMED (p. 124) Philippe Grosceaux / Centre Camille Jullian (p. 130) Loic Damelet / Centre Camille Jullian (p. 131) - Views (p. 134) Artaïs Studio (p. 136-137) - Yohanne Lamoulère (p. 146) Imprimerie Esmenjaud - ZI du Pré de l'Aube 13240 Septèmes AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ 58 Boulevard Charles Livon - 13284 Marseille cedex 07 Tél : 04 91 39 65 00 - Fax : 04 91 31 63 74 - dircom-contact@univ-amu.fr - www.univ-amu.fr Tirage : 700 ex. - Gratuit - Dépôt légal : décembre 2018 - ISBN : 978-2-9567055-0-5 - Imprimé en janvier 2019 Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle sans autorisation de l'auteur ou de ses représentants est illicite (art. A du code de la Propriété Intelllectuelle). �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monographie imprimée Description An account of the resource Ouvrages imprimés édités au cours des 16e-20e siècles et conservés dans les bibliothèques de l'université et d'autres partenaires du projet (bibliothèques municipales, archives et chambre de commerce) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Balade au coeur des campus : A walk around our campuses / Aix-Marseille Université Subject The topic of the resource Histoire de l'université Description An account of the resource Toute la richesse et la diversité du patrimoine d'Aix-Marseille université à travers le panorama photographique de ses 5 grands campus et de ses 58 sites d'enseignement et de recherche Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aix-Marseille Université. Service de la Communication. Éditeur scientifique Berland, Yvon. Directeur de la publication. Préface Vanelle, Patrice. Directeur de la rédaction Bucquet, Delphine. Rédactrice en chef Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Aix-Marseille Université : <a href="https://www.univ-amu.fr/fr/public/balade-au-coeur-des-campus" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Ballade au coeur des campus">https://www.univ-amu.fr/fr/public/balade-au-coeur-des-campus</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Aix-Marseille Université. Service de la Communication (Marseille) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Galnon, Claudie. Textes et mise en page Escalier, Frédéric. Textes et mise en page Mollard, Rémi. Textes et mise en page Maison Interdisciplinaire des Ressources et Recherches En Langues (Marseille (Bouche-du-Rhône). Traduction Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource soumis à copyright restricted use Relation A related resource Notice du catalogue : http://www.sudoc.fr/240423097 Vignette : https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/vignette/LIVRE_PHOTO_AMU_2019_V23_FINAL_vignette.jpg Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf 1 vol. 82. p. Language A language of the resource fre eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text monographie imprimée printed monograph photographie photograph Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/items/show/387 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Marseille. 20.. Aix-en-Provence. 20.. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. walk around our campuses (A) Abstract A summary of the resource. Livre de photographies des 5 grands campus et des 58 sites d'enseignement et de recherche d'Aix-Marseille université qui illustre la vie étudiante, la formation, la recherche et l’innovation. Au delà de l'importance et de la diversité de ce patrimoine, un témoignage sur un vivre ensemble et une communauté de femmes et d'hommes qui assurent au quotidien toutes les missions d’un service public soucieux de son attractivité au niveau international. Note : notice rédigée d'après le document numérique original (Marseille : DIRCOM AMU, 2019) Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aix-Marseille université (Marseille) Aix-Marseille Université (2012-....) -- Photographies Campus -- France -- Aix-en-Provence -- Photographies Campus -- France -- Marseille -- Photographies https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/original/1/431/MS-75_Cru-Norton_Courage.pdf 5361def60d60269470d94c5b61e2b4ff PDF Text Text COURAGE AND FEAR IN BATTLE ACCORDlNG TO TRADITION AND IN THE GREAT WAR. Le.~ pf~ ~ 41iL WuM J<d Il( 1q22. J y y ~ {;ffe?- 1 }Yu)('~ -P~ Ledw'LVJ t;, #ïi. ~ Profe ssor J. N. Cru ��COURAGE AND FEAR IN BATTLE ACCORDING TO TRADITION AND IN THE GREAT WAR. In the fi lde f France-... a land~cape of low hills and coppice ehro ded in darkneee--in No Man's Land, an outpost of a dozen "poilus" in eheepekins and mufflers, seated on the shallow bottom of a ditch, watching the black empty space in front, listening to the awful silence-their chief, the bespectacled s rgeant, muses to keep awake,--and because thinking is his professional bent. he must endeavor to solve them. The war assails him with riddles and He calls to his aid the reminiacences of his academic training; he searchea his memory for half forgotten fragments of poetry or prose, in an attempt to find allusions to hie present plight. He remembers great writers who do epeak or wars, of heroes, of battle psychology--, but how little does this seem to fit present circumstances. Yet, this s rgeant and his peasant soldiera are daily called heroes in the press, in official speeches, in the fiery utterances at patriotic meetings. They read these, our soldiera, in the aoiled, crumpled newspapers passed from hand to hand, and they smile sadly. How can it be possible, that they be heroes in the same sense as the warriors of tradition, legend and history? shell and gas spare him, will the After the war is over, if shot and rgeant go back home, in hie little college town, to step up to his pedestal, the pedestal of a hero, or, in modern parlance, of a superman? How absurd! gupermen? They? are several million supermen of their kind and of many hues: Why! there white, black, tawny, yellow •••• and there are not enough pedestals in the world for them all. Is this a mockery that they should be dubbed heroes? Truly, a cheap enough meed for their present hardships and mental agonies. And the sargeant•s meditation goes on during the long, slow hours of night watches, for weeks, for months, for years, ~hile the war drags along with a monotany broken now and then by spells of offensive, meditation i$ out of question. hen But whether in a sector of attack, or in ��a normal sector, the one spectre haunting the mind ia destruction or mangling of the dear self, the.ever present danger, and the aenee of it: ~ . and the frantic reaction against fear: courage. What are they? Thus meditates this anchorite of a new Thebaid; the trench world, eut off from the aociety of mere men, being the most suitable place for cogitation and introspection. Ladies and gentlemen, a fitting title for my talk today might be: "A commentary for the use of non-combat/ante, upon some un~ritten chap- ------ - - =--- tera of an unwritten book entitled~Meditations in a Trench." This imma- terial book being my only bibliography, store of reference and source of information, I do especially invite your criticiam of this lecture, I do court your opinion, trusting that they will be as kindly as helpful. In order to guide the trend of our thoughts towards a definite object, I propose the choice of a text, according to the faehion of preachere. text Will be Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, Canto XI, Stanza 26. Our In the lines preceding, the author explains how the "infernal tool" (artillery) "was born amid the German race• and how •working on their weaker wit", "he who plots for our disgrace, the demon" •at last upon his fatal purpose hit.• Stanza 26--How, foul and pestilent discovery, Didst thou find place within the human heart? Through thee is martial glory lost, through thee The trade of arme become a worthleas art: And at such ebb are worth and chivalry, That the base often plays the better part. Through thee no more shall gallantry, no more Shall valour prove their prowess as of yore. When I was under artillery fire for the firet time, my breath stopped, I was shaken from head to foot by deep stirrings l had never con- ceived as possible, the violence of my emotion swept me off the foundation of steady thoughts and firm resolves. caused me a keen deception. Sot It took me by surprise, it What a comedown! I realized to my dismay that I was not "such stuff as fighters are made of." Instead, I wae born to be a pedagogue, a bookworm, nota bulwark of national liberty, ��no! Mother Nature had endowed me with weak heart, thin blood, 9tomach sensitive to mal de mer. She had denied me the sacred fire, the power, the fiber, the grit, the guts, the ferocioue will to charge madly with my fellows, through a cloud of smoke, in the glory and intoxication of promieed victory.--Then, I looked at the other men. That was comforting: ashen faces, twitched mouths, haggard eyes •••• not among all to be sure, but enough to restore part of my self respect. I still admired and envied the officers and the few men who seemed self-possessed or unconcerned. ,,. impassiveness imposed upon my greenhorn naivete. Their By degrees I grew wiae, but it took me well over two years of front to reach the conclusion that I was yet to meet the man, private or officer, who was not the occaeional Yictim of abject fear. I soon learnt myself to put on the mask of impassi- vity, for the sake of my prestige. thoae early war days. Moreover, eomething puzzled me, in One of the accepted ideas about war, ia that soldiers become accustomed to danger, and veterans are inured to fear. Here were our veterans who had fought for two months before, during and after the Marne: they looked more upset than we, replacement men, fresh from the rear, just come to fill the gaps. killed? Why did they not get accustomed ta being Another revelation and d~ception1 so different from our preconceived ideas. What was war then? I had been lied to. have many other notions to throw overboard?" I thought. It was all "Shall I During the leisure of trench life I began ta ponder over the problems of fighting psychology, and l continued during four years, in the light of bitter experience, in the pitileas glare of raging battle, which lays bare the hearts of men, tears off the masks of pretence, lifts the veils of decency, bares shame. M.y own anguish did not smother the inquisitive and critical bent of mind, characteristic of pedagogues. The habit grew with me to acrutinize my own emotione, to analyze my terrors, and al~o to investigate the feelings of my men, to obtain from them the frank confession of thei inmost heart throbs. A combatant does not object to tell one who under9tande, one ho is an ��initiate of the great suffering Brotherhood. more I was anxioue to know. The more I learned, the In 1917, being with the English army, I took advantage of confidential moode of my messmates, British officers, in A A tete a tetes over a whisky and soda. Their proverbial aloofness did not stand in the way, the sacred privacy of war emotions was laid open tome: was I not in the same boat? most of them? Had I not even a longer front experience than In 1918 I confessed Americans at the front, and after the Armistice, in the camps and hospitals in thia country. Both the proud English and the laconic American agreed that they would never dare impart to those dearest to them the confidence of their human frailty under fire • • "Why?" I asked.--"Because they cannot understand.• Thus, by introspection and by examination of others, I became a~are that in this respect we have been liTing on legend and myth, that the current ideas about courage or fear, heroism or cowardice, aggressiveneas and fighting spirit, whatever support they found in military history of ancient timee, of feudal times or even of the near past, have hardly anything to subatantiate them in the facts of the Great War. The war stories we have read ever since our child• hood are either lies, dangeroua lies, or find no parallel in the late Conflict of Nations. If the German people had known the true visage of far in 1914, they would not have started with hasty enthusiasm upon a fresh and joyoua war. A fresh and joyous ~ t Is not this a proof of the absurdity of their illusions, which were ours too, in a lesser degree, concerning the magnificent romance of Battle? There, in my trench, I took the solemn oath never to help those lies, and,--if God should spare my life,--to bring back the sincere, unadorned relation of my experience. I swore never to allow my imagination or any desire for literary expression to make of my post-war self a traducer of my former fighting self. got themselves into print.) (There are some traitors who I swore never to betray my comradee by paint- ing their anguish in the bright colora of heroic, chivalroue sentiment. What are the origin and formation of our ideas about military courage ��-5- or fear, heroism or cowardice, aggressiveness and fighting spirit? They were, they still are the natural inspiration of tribe esprit de corps, of national bigotry, of narrow patriotism {a crude kind of love of the Fatherland founded on self-admiration and contempt of the foreigner, namely: doctrine of the Chosen People.) axiome as these: All ~ the This feeling finds expression in euch pit\y soldiers are heroes, enemy soldiers are all cowards- or--Any one or our men is a match to five of theirs--or--Our flag has never gone down to defeat •••• as for our few reverses, they must be ascribed to treason, ta inferiority in numbers, to cr1minal unpreparedness, ••• and ta many other legitimate rea~ons. I am sure that you have (perhaps not read) but heard this many time~ during the war. the blanket to itself. I have. Thus every nation pulls all Public opinion and the press are, besides, strongly influenced by literature, ancient and modern, bearing upon the subject: more especially by poetry, from Homer to Victor Hugo, singera of national glory, and also by legendary or anecdotic history, from the story of Leonidas to that of a winner of the Congressional Medal. We look in vain for a corrective in the learned studies on military history. Their authors are either civilians, lacking the personal touch with the battlefield, or erudite officers who confine themselvea to the purely abstract, technical discussion of strategy and tactics, ahunning the slippery subject of the psychology of the individual in battle. Everything we read confirms us in our prejudice that fear is a shame, that to take shelter is proof of cowardice, that .22:!.! men are fearless (moet of them at least.) But the first shell falling near us, explodes our absurd, inhuman notions, and leavee us wondering •••• Wondering? Yes, and bewildered, dazed, stunned, when it is not stark mad, mad with terror--o~ with shock. Must we then disbelieve the deeds of valor of heroes of old? Achilles, the Horaces, Roland, Tristan, Siegfrid, Richard the Lion Hearted, the Chevalier Bayard without fear and without reproach, were they in reality mollycoddles~ Or, if they were genuine heroes, have we become so effeminate in ��the twent ieth centu ry that we canno t watch their defian ce of wound a and death? I am ready to grant the truth- -in the main- -of old storie s of permanen t herois m, makin g howev er an allowa nce for eloqu ent or litera ry exaggerati on. But, while on one hand, man is very much the same 1110w as befor e, while his heart hae not change d, while his physi cal streng th and moral fiber are about of the same grade as in heroic agee,- -on the other hand, warfa re and its instru ments have been develo ped so wonde rfull~ that our poor fleah and bones and nerves cower now before the Giant Death of our own cleve r inventio n. An age-lo ng equili brium betwee n man and hi8 tools is now destro yed, our p·hysi cal and menta l make-u p do not tally wi th the outpu t capac i ty of the seven ty-fiv e. Yet, strang e to say, in our timea of autom atic, high-s peed killin g machi nes, people still dream fondly of herois m in terms of rapie r and cuira ss, or hand to hand encou nter, of strike and parry , in a word, in terme of sports , of athle tic perfor mance . Roman cera have shaped our ideas of battle to this day; we are impen itent ideal iets. Indeed , the code of chiva lry lives today in the rules of sports of the fighti ng kind. to both, a man must play fair, be game, endure punish ment witho ut at least moral ly-~he must stand erect and never hide. hiding , or even duckin g, was disqu alifie d. Accor ding flinch ing-- A knigh t showin g fear, Battle s natur ally resolv ed them- eelves into a numbe r of indivi dual duels, and a champ ion had no excuse for wincin g from rough treatm ent at the hands of anoth er champ ion. Courag e was natur al in him who had confid ence in hie streng th, in hie aptnea s at striking and parry ing, in his horsem anship . Fear would teropt him who was less apt, but courag e was induce d in him by his very phvsi cal exerti on, which in turn induce d clearn eaa of vision and the belie f that there was compa rative safety as long as he ret~rn ed the blows . I mean: of human size, on a human scale. Bad as it was, war was human , and War was not might ier than man's muscl es, not swifte r than man's motio ns, not fierce r than man's ardor , not more impla cable than man's mercy , as when a death dealin g blow was staid half-w ay. Merci ! is a cry not heard in modern battle : shell and gae cloud ��-7don't unde r etand it, they follow their path undietur bed. No other foe is within hearing .--Evide ntly our ancestor a could have found no justific ation for human nerves breaking down under the stress of battle. We may eurmise that at the battle of Hasting s there were waong the caeualt ies no cases of nervoue shock. It doea not prove that Normana and Saxons were of a finer mettle than French and Germane of today, but rather that war waa suited then to the capacity of resistan ce of body and soul, while now it overwhel ms and shatters the stronge st and finest epeciraen e of virility . Whence the change? It was a fateful day when the first cannon waa fired, when by the action of a perhaps weak and tremblin g hand, the new monater laid low valiant warrior e, atone atroke. aays our text. "The base often playa the better part" The flower of chivalry proteste d against the foul blow, and well they might, because that day marked the beginnin g of the end of courage and heroism accordin g to the old courtly standard s, 4rtiller y developp ed apace, urged by kings, (ultima ratio regum.) They saw in it the means to be powerfu l even without the help of their unruly knights who had monopol ized the noble art of fighting . Our generati on is apt to forget the bitter denun- ciation of the hellish engine of war by great men, writers , prelates , army leaders, from the fo~rteen th to as late as the seventee nth century . By comparison , our condemn ation of gas warfare is mild. You have heard Arioeto 'e vitupera tion againet the abomina ble inventio n that diehonor e the professi on of arms and makes courage useleas . vigorous : The invectiv e of Cervant es ia no less "O thrice happy the ages that did not know the frightfu l fury of theee accursed instrume nte of artiller y." Rabelai s declares that it is through diabolic al suggesti on that gunpowd er and cannon were created . His contemp orary Blaise de Montluc , a great general , the ablest military writer of the Renaiss ance, who like Caesar, wrote his Commen taries, a ve~teran proud of his scarred and eeamed face, says: "Bombar d, harqueb us and fire stick are artifice s of the devil." In the times of Louis XIV, Bishop Fl,chie r, in hie funeral oration for Marehal Turenne aseert~ that Hell it was, who invented ��those bronze thunders for the destruct ion of mankind . Note that theee proM teste are not made againat war, but against the perversi on, the debaeing of war by machine s which allow one man to kill many othere, without expoeing himeelf , without giving hie victime a chance to parry or to etrike back. But protesta were of no avail. Bayard, the last knight, was killed by gunshot . Napoleo n's early career as an expert artille rist, bore no mean influence on the Emperor 's tactics and on the art of war after him. However , the part played by gune had grown very elowly from the Middle Ages to the Russo-Ja paneee war. For a long time gune were consider ed eseentia l only in a eiege. In open warfare , they caused few casualti ee; smoke were counted upon to scare the infantry . the noise and As late aa 1904--19 05 the lasses caused by artiller y were only eight percen t of the caeualti e5;not more than by bayonet e. My own guess for the Great War (western front) ie about eeventy percent by artiller y, about twenty percent by small arme, (machine gun, rifle) about ten percent by gae, and lese than one percent by bayonet , or other cold eteél. Thue the harm done by weapone actuated purely by human strength , hae reached the vanï°ehin g point. Brawn, physica l energy, courage of the kind Achillea had, are displace d by machine s. The wonder of it is that the German generals themselv ee, who had in 1914 such a complete assortm ent of gune, counted upon them mainly for a moral effect. Even they were etill held in the grip of obeolete traditio n. The machine s paeeed man's highest expecta tions; the moneter s broke loose from their pye:;.ny maaters ; they did more killing than they were expected to, putting the bayonet , and,--to wards the end-~eve n the rifle, out of busineae .--When Pat wae aeked ta give a descrip tion of a gun, he said: "Firet you have a hole, and then you have metal around it." fathere. This ie true of the gun of our The modern one ie more complex and I called it a machine . Some here may think that the term machine is a little etretche d when applied ~o either a field gun or a machine gun. They may think that the word appliee ��-9- far more fittingly to a typewriter or a lawn mower that have so many finely adjusted parts, transmitting power one to the other in a emooth motion. You ought to see a machine gun, or the breech and recoil apparatus of a 75 with all their axes and wheels, pistons and cylindere, ratchets and cama, levels and dials, a supreme creation of the art of the mechanic. More than that, these are automatic machines, in which the expanding force of the gasee, besides driving the projectile, does more than half of the firing manoeuvre in the gun, the whole of it in the machine gun. With both weapons, the task of the modern hero ie reduced to feeding the voracious machine, while in the case of the machine gun, there ie even no neceeaity to feed it, one hae only to bring near huge quantitiea of ammunition; helps itself toit, gulping down ten bullets a second. Bayard! the w I rd thing Shades of Roland and Where are you mighty atrokes and expert defensee? Look at your de- generate descendants feeding long strips of amrnunition belt to a mitrailleuse, just as their civilian brothers feed cotton to a gin. Look at your unfortunate descendants hammered by enemy machines with blows no shield can stop, no clever parry can ward off. It is juet as abeurd to aek of Mr. Ford's pampered toilera some of the enthueiasm of Benvenuto Cellini's apprenticee,--a.s to look for Percival's courteous equanimity in the uniformed operatives of modern war. What we call courage in modern assault is in moet cases a "fuite en avant" according to the apt French phrase, a rout forward, a flight at the enemy, feverish, tumultuous, desperate,--a mad deeire to have done with the excruciating immobility under shell fire before the attack. You think this statement is excessive? or unpatriotic feeling? 'tainted with pacifistic Listen to an argument which to my surprise hae never been put before the public. It is a simple calculation of the killing capacity of automatic weapone, I mean the maximum capacity under ideal conditions which are never realized. Problem: It took four years and three monthe for the Allies with all their weapons to kill 1,700,000 Germane, to wound about three times that number. How long would it take to cause the ��saine caeualties, ueing as only weapons the machine guns of the French Army, suppoeing the whole German host followed the tactica of eight to nine centuries ago, adopted the battle formation ue·ed at Hastings, and all charged the French line, two hundred yards distant, over flat ground? Answer: One second would suffice to bring to the ground five million killed or wounded. The elemente of calculation are; 50,000 mitrailleuses, each firing at the speed of six hundred shots a minute, each bullet able, at ehort range, • to go clean through ten human bodies standing close enough one behind the otber. In the arune problem if we replace the mitrailleuses by the 75 mm. field gun, firing shrapnell, the time for the performance will be three seconds and a half. Elements: 10,000 gune firing twenty eight ehelle a minute, each ahell containa three hundred shrapnell balla. The machine gune beat the artillery and vindicate the assertion that they are the most destructive weapons ever uaed. The reason for thie lies in the force of penetration of the bullet that can run through ten bodies while a shrapnell ball bas expended all its energy after entering one body. I ask you now: is there in industry any machine comparable to these in efficiency? Where ie even the poison gas capable of euch gratifying results?--(Allow me to remark in paseing that childish predictione have been made by eelf-atyled experte, as to the part to be played by gas in a future war. Shelter and protection have developped and will developt in gas warfare, juet as they have developped to minimize the a.mazing theoretical efficiency of cannon and machine gun.) If the two million Americans who went over, almost all came back, the reasons for it are: they quickly adapted themselves to the situation by behaving under fire like the Germane and the French,--and not at all like the imaginary beings you read about in the magl.:zinee of 1917-1918, ideals of American pluck according to legend-fed writers and a legendfed public. If the actually realized efficiency of war machines wae so much below the incredible ideal statement I juat made, it is due to univereal fear, to the wise and wholesome awe which impelled soldiere to put their ��... 11- bodies out of sight, to vanish insta.ntly, leaving only thin air for the on-rushing missiles to plough through. .!!!, ~ !.!E.!. 21. undestro~ed ~ !i2, forward movement may unhampered machine m,. ~ ~ When a machine gun opens fire against a line of charging infantry, nothing can save the unit from annihilation, unless the men throw themaelves on the ground and lie flat, very, very flat. Even there, occasional bullets from the razing sheaf will pick them one after the other and within a short time there will be a well arrayed line of corpses. Romance and heroic attitudes are out of place with the business-like mitrailleuse. So the men must endeavor to lie still lower, digging, scrat)"ching deaperately with tool, fingera or juet with their spoone (I have used mine in this guise), and eink gradually in the earth. Most first line treiqchee had simila.r beginnings; they marked the exact line on which a charge broke down suddenly under the aweeping fire of one or more machine gune that had escaped detection and destruction by the artillery of the attack. When the trench is completed, deep and narrow, it afforde complete protfïe. ~ot~w~ .~tl.:tiwli~ ~ ~ ~u ; ~ ~. tection against ~flat trajectory~ its plunginifire which drops shells from above. lig_ section of trench, long or short, manned company, .2.!: regiment ~ .!.!:. ~ enough artillery against whole army, il• lli hill, .!! best platoon, ~ enemy choosea il No heroism will help to avert the doom. The fate of the occupants is sealed. There ie a fatality aboutit which never existed in paet military history. attached to such cases. ~ ~ ~ All soldiere know the inevitablenese Ask yourselvee what their feelings may be when they detect the sure signa of an impending bombardment a' outrance, a"feu d'an/antiseement,• annihilating fire, such as leavea perhapa a few creaturee alive, but not a shrea o:t rec:iietl-ll tcP. Can there be anything in common be- tween their thoughts, their anxieties and thoae of heroes we met in books? I recoil before the task of making here a graphie picture of a "feu d'an- , eantissement." My pen is far too weak, and I want to apare your nerves, to spare my .2.!.!l• only too sensitive to the irnagery of scenes actually lived ��-12~ through. To the spectators, standing just out of the strictly bounded zone of fire, the awe of such a sight made our hearts melt in pity for the bunch of men, our foes, stuck to their post in the doomed trench. I recall especially two occaaiona, Christmas week 1914 and September 1915, when, being in perfect safety in our firat line trench, I watched over the parapet, the enemy position, three hundred yards away, undergo the thorough process of obliteration by artillery. Several men generally survive the ordeal, and I keep the vision of a ghostly procession, headed for the rear: cadaverous faces, glassy eyes, stiff or shaky gait, clothes in tatters dripping pulverized earth, a few slight wounds, black with caked blood. These spectera were led by some of their captors, Moroccan tiraille~~s, who halted them by a camp kitchen where coffee had been prepared: one cup to each prisoner when they would have swallowed a gallon, unquenchable thirst being a symptom of intense fear. "Are these soldiers?" I thought. "Was there ever a time before this when proud officers and doughty warriore could be tranaformed like these, by the simple procesa of battle, into phantoms, mere shadowa of men?" The capture of prisonere of this kind, in the wilderness of their trench, is an easy task: their weapons are loat, ehat- tered, buried,--and ehouli they have in reserve an arsenal of brand new arma, they could not use them, they have shed all wital energy,~ ils sont I U videa, eay the French, emptied. You recall two or three instances of an incredible act of bravery, one American making single handed forty or fifty prisoners. Incredible? Preposteroue? Not at all, if you are familiar with battle scenes. I may appear to have wandered far from my subject. In order to make plain my characterization of military courage and fear as they manifeet themselves now, as I saw them, as I felt them in me, I had first to place them in their atmosphere. I wish I had the gift to conjure up the moral rather than the phyaical atmosphere of battle. impossible. The task ig difficult, nay, Worda that have for me an objective precision, a power .of evo- ��cation which atirs my boaom, makes my heart ache. causes a momentary dizzinees, cannot create in you anything but banal, familiar, su~jective images: hazy vieione made up with various recollectione of your reading ae a child, as a youth. as a grown-up man or woman. Traditional ideas, and more eo, traditional images, have such a hold on our minds, that they are unshakable--unleas displaced by other imagea more real, conaequently more intense in their relief. dy. God forbid that I ehould prescribe you thie reme- But it was indeed the deeire expressed by many French poilue that we should all take turne at the front; that men of all countriee and conditions, diplomate, cardinale, kinge and presidents included, should serve a short spell, juet enough to get first hand information about the marvels of balis- tics and the emotions connected therewith. They pretended cynically that the simple experiment would do more to cool bellicose parties than any meeting of worthies at a round table. A kindred, if lees impudent, opinion is that of a French military critic, a rare bird, who talked only of thinge he lived through: •Nothing, outside of pereonal experience," says Roger Maurice "can give an idea of thia war." I was bold to try. Having thus, to my deep regret, spent so much time to pave the way, I shall begin my subject proper with this aphorism: The current conception of courage and fear, heroism and cowardice, more broadly, of battle psychology, is at such variance with facts innumerable, accessible, verifiable-~ that there is urgent need for all, civilian and military, to reconsider the question, to revise obsolete opinion. stands: You cannot leave the matter where it first and foremost, becau~e it givee war an attractive aspect,-- second, because all former combatants would hate you for your atubborn blindness, and they would despair. What is courage, and what fear--nowadays--on the battlefield? They used to be incompatible, mutually exclusive; they are now concomitant and inseparable. Courage formerly was mainly confidence in one'e powers; fear, distrust of the same. The duellist of today, like the ~night of old is fear- ��-14less if he believes that his fencing is superior to that of any challenger. In courage of this kind there enter several elements beside self confidence: overweening pride, conceit and aometimes boasting and bullying. often the self confidence is not juatified. More than Some manage to get a reputation of bravery until the day of trial, when they are recognized as mare swag~ gerers. Conversely some quiet men passas white livered until the day when they rise to the occasion and reveal their true nature. In this war hich lasted over 1500 days, such undeserved reputations were impossible after the firat day of hostilities. Thoroughly as I deteat war, I should like one day to lecture on several advantages of war over peace. One of these ie: impossibility of shams; compulsory, inevitable sincerity (of character if not of words.) courage was: All men were af~aid, who went under fire; their concomitant 12, carrl .2!!. in spite 2!, ~ - to an unequal degree. All afraid and all courageous, The inequality existed bath between different indi- viduals at any one time, and in the same man at different periods. Those capable of more courage showed the example; those capable of less, had the courage to follow the example. There never was in man's history a more im- pressionable body than a platoon of forty or fifty men in the Great War. When under heavy fire you could mould them like dough: make heroes ot them, and the next second a panic strick~n herd ••• with one word. The only difficulty was to find a moulder with a permanent virtue, I mean courage. Courage was a painful struggle against fear, an inner strife between body and soul, a breathless wrangle between the rearing snorting animaL that shrank from suffering and destruction-- and the mind that i1stened to dut1, or atuck blindly to self respect. / The torture attend1ng this miserable dispute was intolerable; one would have accepted any physical pain in exchange. When prolonged it often overcame the emotional capacity of some men, and here you have the nervous breakdown, which constitutes nine-tenths of the cases so absurdly called shell-shock- -(Real shell-shock, that is a commotion received from one shell, was a rare accident, attended almost ��alway s with insta nt death : the heart atopp ed, the lungs were torn, but no exter nal wound was visib le. The other shock was cause d, not by one shell , but by the whole sum of dange rs: it was a battl e-sho ck, nervo us and mora l in kind. )--Th ere is in my belie f no coura ge under fire, but that wae born in thia soul- rendi ng, nerve -rack ing trava il. Yet, happy would the fight er be, if, emerg ing victo rious from the ordea l, he could hope for peace or mind, his fears gone forev er, his coura ge acqui red for good. But hie vietory over the shyin g brute could never be trust ed to last more than a few minu tes, a few hours in excep tiona l insta nces. --(Be it under stood that l allud e here to facts that happe ned in activ e opera tions , atten ded with great and const ant dange rs: drive s, offen sives , attac ks, raids ;--in quiet secto rs, milit ary psych ol-0gy was very much like norm al, excep t for the ever prese nt anxie ty of a dread ed futur )--Du ring such minu tes or hours , when the animal was conqu ered and silen ced, the soldi er exper ience d a very stran ge state of mind. He was no longe r aware of the frail ty of his fleeh , he moved in the midst of frigh tful dange rs with stead iness and preci sion, he acted in a sort of hallu cinat ion, in a world unrea l, all his ment al power e excit ed and aharp ened, but bent towar ds one singl e aim: plish ed. fears . the missi on to be accom - The hype rtens ion of his will elimi nated imag inatio n, the mothe r of The sense of unre ality persi sted forev er afterw arde and the soldi er could hardl y bring hims elf to belie f tthat he actua lly did, or waa ever capab le of doing , the feats attrib uted to him durin g this atate of super human activ ity. Such feats are calle d heroi c, the man was a hero durin g that brief space of time. He acted like a hero, and also like a fool, indul ging in all kinds of unnec essar y, absur d prank s, as if he court ed death . Havin g becom e fearl es3 as a resu lt of a bruta l emot ional conf lict,-fear less for once and for a few mome nts, in all his life time, he lacke d the guida nce of the sense of dange r, that wisdo m given us by Natur e for our prese rvati on. There fore, a fit of heroi sm (it is indee d almos t a disor der of the mind) ie gene rally atten ded by death . This excep tiona l chara cter of heroi sm in the ��late war, pute it in great contra st with herois m accord ing to histor y, and with herois m as it was conce ived in the rear in 1914- -1918 . No eoldi er, be he the best gifted in fighti ng quali ties, was a hero all the time; very few were heroe s more than once: enem.y machi nes would not allow a repet ition of impru dent expos ure; no joking with them. On the other hand, many more men than is believ ed, have exper ienced once the heroic sensa tion of ephem eral fearle ssnes s. The names of a very small numbè r have attain ed newsp aper fame, becau se they chance d to do feats at the sa.me time specta cular and fallin g under the notice of a high comma nder. It is a cornmonplace to speak of the modes ty of these belaud ed heroe s. The fact i9 true and perhap s misun dersto od. They are modes t beca~ se many, many others have done as much, but remain ed unnot ic• ed;--t hey realiz e also the absur dity of what happen ed to thera: the strani ge, unrea l exper ience: "I canno t believ e it mysel f"--th ey say,-- "I was told by the others ; but how can it be that I, a mere farme r, or a peace able groce r, or a timid lawye r, did such a thing . I remem ber dimly part of the incide nt, but the story as it goes was told by the members of my unit." --Whe n the fit is over, the hero, if he surviv es his rash and wonde rful adven ture, becom es a mere man again , again he ia the victim of fear, even to the exten t of arousi ng pity in his fellow s. It is a common experi ence a.mong comba tants, to find onese lf, a plain , averag e soldie r, lesa afraid upon a certai n occas ion, than some bemed alled office r, famous for his behav ior during a previo us battle . 1 do not mean that heroes must fall one day below the averag e, because on anoth er day they rose so high above it; but simply that in the matter of fear everyo ne bas hi9 turn, no one is proof again st it. I r peat that there was no such thing as perma nent fearle ssnes s. It ia impos sible to conceive a man inured to fear, in moder n battle s, unles s you imagin e a brute , devoid of sense and imagi nation , witho ut nerve s, nor sight , nor hearin g, nor smell . Indeed the inroad s of fear into your being are made throug h your eyes that see the havoc , throug h your ears that hear the din, throug h your ��nose that smells T.N.T ., throug h your nerves that transm it the comm otions ,-and with all these eleme nts, mere signs, harml ess in thems elves, your imaginatio n const ructs a frigh tful image of Death . Moreo ver, if ever a fearle ss soldie r existe d in this war, his life would not have lasted • ore than twenty four hours at the front, becau se nothin g could take the place of fear of dange r to prote nt his life threat ened from every direct ion and all the time. Must I remind you that while forme rly, soldie rs were killed fighti ng, they are now moatly killed waitin g, worki ng, march ing, eating , writin g, talkin g, 8havin g, sleepi ng, prayin g •••• that while they are perfor ming every single fil of human daily life, they are ever consc ious of dange r, ever watch ing ite sign, ever ready to dodge , to plung e, to flatte n thems elves again st the ground or again st the trench ,all. tends toward s zero. As fear dwind les, that concio usness So, one can make this statem ent which sounds parado x- ical: If there was a crack regim ent, unriv alled in the whole Army, with all its men fear1e as, a regim ent that, in Caesa r's time, would have been worth ten times its numb ers,•- it would have been of no use to the count ry in 1918, becau se all ite membe rs would becom e casua lties before they had the chance to accom plish anyth ing.-- Conse quent ly, fear being the indisp ensàb le protectio n and wisdom of the soldie r, soon lost at the front the ridicu le and shame attach ed toit by tradit ion (provi ded it was held in leash , and not allowe d to get the upper hand. ) Hidin g, instea d of being held as cowar dly, as of yore, was recomm ended and new orders were issued frequ ently to remind the troops of its neces sity, of the dire conseq uences of its negle ct. Headquarte ra compl ained throug hout the war that eoldie rs contra vened to such order s. Hiding does not seem natur al in moder n man, and accid ent l deathe resul ted.-- It is intere sting to inquir e: Why were fear and hiding shame ful in forme r times? Of course they were notas legiti mate as they are now, because notas indisp ensab le. Yet, I believ e that poets and histor ians have been insinc ere, boast ful, when they show us fearle ss beroe s of their own. There is more truth in Old Homer , and when at the front, I remem bered with ��-18interest his vivid descrintion of fear in his most sympathetic hero Hector. • ]{~ 14 ~ ~ ~ ' lt- ~, N. ~ ~ ~ adv:-IIM In his last fight with Achillesl\in hot pursuit, around the wÎlls of Troy, in an attempt to escape his fate. historical. Another striking instance is strictly Marshal Turenne who, in Napoleon's eatimation, was the beat all round man of war in the seventeenth century, was subject to fear and uncontrollable quaking at the beginning of an engagement. On one occasion he said, addressing his "animal": "You tremble, old carcass, but if you knew where I am going to take you today, you would tremble very much more." I believe this story because it agrees with our own experience about the seeming dissociation of mind and body on the battlefield, and about their constant quarrel. tory. These two examples are exceptions in literature and hia- If you know of any other I should li¼e to be told. They confirm the rule that fear, if it exist in others than contemptible ones, must not be mentioned. I confess there was good reason for the indignity of fear. Why should a man have fear of another man? Why should Hector have fear of Achilles, and his brawn, and his fierceness, and his spear? fighters of 1914, our case is totally different. As for us Does any one believe here I suggested that the French, the men of France, were afraid of the men of Germany? What a relief if we had had to meet the enemy in a rough and tumble, or with fists, with cudgels, clubs, any primitive weapons, limited in their weight, speed, power, accuracy, range, by the human arm that wields them! Above all, what a relief, if all military operations had been fighta, real, clean, straight fights. The unanswerable reason for our fear and hiding is; they were never caused by men, but by superhuman engines, invisible, shrouded in mystery, hurling from the ends of the horizon invisible, lightning•like bolts, against which we, individually, were powerless fo parry, to evade or to hit back. That is not fighting. ·any nglish and Americans enlisted early because they were good sports, eager to fight. Several young men in this country still bemoan the untimely Armistice which denied them the satisfaction of a good tu~ale with the enemy. Virtuous, ��--19- candid illusions! If you want occasions to fight, practice wrestling, boxing, football •••• even bull fighting, or enter the New York police force or Irish politics but don't go to the front. Here ia an image of modern war: in the boxing ring tie a short rope to the ankle of one boxer, so that he may not go beyond the center; moreover, trammel his arma ao that he cannot hit, and be greatly hindered in parrying; let the other boxer be entirely free, urge him to go at his adversary, to pummel him at will. and absurd! Diegueting Yes, and what becomes of courage when you can neither strike back nor parry? Here is the knot of the question: as long as war coneisted in fighting, it was really, as some Germane said, a school of courage, heroism, devotio~. My point is that fighting has become so rare that a man may se ve four years, as I did, and never witness an instance of it. has become abstract or ideal. Fighting There was a fight between Germany and France, between German and French Armies, Army Corps, Divisions. A division numbere from 15,000 to 25,000 men, and any unit smaller than that was below fighting size. What is fighting then? Since the time of cave men a fight has been~~ ~ l J - ~ ~ M W1At}'~411-tt( ~ .~ M fM1 Û ~ ~ , r aAen<J--~a~,{;j-~d., essefitiaÏly a.n exchangevof blows/\ they don't realiy hurt a[ senaitiveneee ie ½ r dulled in the heat of the duel. Besides, the ability to dodge, duck, evade, parry,--hinder greatly the effectiveness of the blows aimed at your body. Modern methods have done away with this age-long fight, the only real fight~ which will always be practiced among schoolboys, among followers of athletics and by individuals means. ho wish to settle a difference without resort to legal Even in bull fights, the bull, doomed though he is, has his chance to gore his enemies. In the Great ara man, platoon, company, ba.ttalion, regiment, brigade were too small to perform the complete act of fighting: to hit and to receive punishment. It was one, or the other, for houra, for days at a time. When it was the turn of your regiment to receive punishment, to be punched and pummelled, it afforded you scant comfort to know that five miles to the west another regiment of your on division was giving a dose of it to the enemy. A fight was somewhat like thia: the Genaan guns open up ��-20- against French infantry; eeeing this the French batteries retort by taking German infantry as a target: then the German heaviee, fa.r in the rear, will try to silence the French 75's, to blow them up; finally, French bombing planes will retaliate with huge bomba on the German heavies. Taken as a whole, in abstract, of course it is a fight. of view of the individual? What ia this? But from the point Or of any group of less than 15,000 individuals? Does it not look like an execution? In each case the odds are all against one party and the target is a helplese victim, absolutely powerless against the hits of a bigger fellow whose position and nature put him out of reach. and the boxer. They are the punching ball There is a keen feeling of handicap in a bombarded battery, or trench:: "Oh, give us a chancet" is the cry of their hearts. But they have to stay there, to hold the position assigned to them, under a shower of steel fragments, and the courage required of them is endurance, the resignation of martyrs, if you could imagine martyre whose torment would be protracted so as to last over four years with periods of intermission for a breathing spell. In this kind of fighting Death becomes anonymoue. falls right into the trench: murderer? a dozen men are killed or wounded. A ehell Who is the No one will ever know, least of all, the murderer himeelf will never know of his murder. The moder~ warrior could not pride himself in displaying the scalps of his dead foes. none at all. left in it. He is unable to know whether he killed several hundred or The saying that war is murder, has almost no litteral truth In that respect and from a certain ethicel angle, one might say that modern war is more moral, since not one man in several thousands has knowingly committed murder. War has become a catastrophe, a world calamity: but for the first time in human history it is no longer murder. In a like catastrophe, soldiers feel the almighty force of the blind furies unleashed against them. The shell is Fate, one of the the inflexible one. Motp~t of the Greeks, Atropos, If a shell qhould fall within a few yards of you, no ��-21- power on earth could eave you. the psychology of war. This plain fact, perforce must change all You may be the hero of your regiment, that would not make the slightest difference to the shell. It has no knowledge of your courage, it cannot fear or respect your person, it is not impreseed by your prestige. Believe me: the realization of this would have sobered Achilles and made him feel a very frail little man. If the renown of his paet achievement did check the fighting ardor of the Trojans, lt would not check the will to explode latent in a few pounds of T.N.T. Formerly, cour- age was a personal asset, it protected the hero's body even more than his armor did. Now courage is useless for this egotistic purpose, it serves only to help along the cause one is fighting for, it ie a country, with hardly any hope of recognition or thanks. .f!!l! gift to one'e Courage, I eaid, does not free one from fear, and fear is an insinuating kind of malady which creeps stealthily into the hearts of even tried veterane. I may com- pare fear to seasickness that creeps in the sa.me fashion into its accustomed victime, attacks other persans less frequently, and occasionnally conquers some old salt of a skipper with years of navigation unscathed. Both mala- dies take advantage of some weakness in the nervous system, often a temporary weakness due to worry, mental fatigue or a depresaion due to sorrow, to a bereavement for example. This explains the case of the skipper 1ho always defied mal de mer until it caught him in astate of lowered resistance. The difference is that fear, for all the various classes of temper- aments, is much more frequent than seasickness. For both the pain is some- what alleviated by the reaction of will, which is courage. ilitary courage assumes two forma: the active and the passive; the courage of those who go "over the top", and the courage of those who hold a position under bombardment,--violent motion and immobility. form gets practically all the public recognition: motion. The active citations, medals, pro- It is natural that it should be so, because the active form is spectacular, and mainly it ~ deeds, it performs work tangible, meaeur- ��-22- able in yards of terrain conquere d, in prisone rs taken, in spoils captured . But all soldiers do believe that it requiree lees of the spirit of sacrific e, lese control of one's emotion e, less nervous resistan ce, lees moral energy than the passive form. The colored troops used by the English and the French could not stand still at their post under severe bombard ment. The experim ent was made early in the war, a.nd after that, colored troops were speciali zed as shock units (stosstlt Uppe). They had long periods of reet in the rear and made very brief appariti ons at the front in sectors of attack, coming just intime for the jump off, and being relieved a few hours after they had attained their objectiv e. The common saying among combata nts was: "It requires the nerves of a white man to hold a trench under heavy bombard ment." And even the white man's nerves were none too good at it. Thus far I have spoken of courage and fear in individu als. ception ia now antiqua ted in military techniqu e. This con- Headqua rtera were inter- ested only in collecti ve courage and fear, and the two words were replaced by the one word morale. Morale is not at all synonymo us of courage and fear, it is only the utilitar ian aspect of their possible manifes tation. orale is the etate of mind of a unit satisfie d or dissatis fied, contente d or grumbling, confiden t or diffiden t, discipli ned or unruly ••• which makes that unit liable to, open to courage or fear. In the same fashion have physici sts discarde d the unscien tific words ~ a n d ~ for the precise term tempera - .E!!.! (high or low.) Morale like tempera ture moves along a graduate d scale, it is high or low, it is never fixed, its index moves up and down for every -man, platoon , regimen t or division . The readings were made by a morale offi- cer in each division ; the results were centrali zed in the Morale Bureau of G.H.Q. where they were translat ed into curves. The best or the poorest division at any one time did not preserve its rank more than a few monthe, or a few weeks, and in some cases, more than a few days. To take part in an unsucce ssful attack, attended with heavy lasses, was enough to ehatter the morale or a good, reliable division . R dy must be applied at once. The ��-23- divis ion was relie ved, sent far away from the din of battl e, in comf ortab le bille ts. Rest, sleep , good regul ar meals , lette rs from home distr ibute d once a day, mode rate drill , all these worke d wond ers and soon the divis ion was itsel f again . If it had been kept on the firin g line too long after its break down , the moral e would have reach ed so low a level as to need sever al month s for recup eratio n and even then the forme r h1gh level migh t be irretriev ably lost. A coIDinon pract ice intim e of short age was to send a tired divis ion for part or whole of the recup eratio n perio d, in the first line of a quiet secto r. Most of the German deser ters I have seen comin g tous , be• longe d to such abuse d or overu sed divis ions that had been denie d a comp lete rest. While the war was going on, all that I have said about battl e psych ology was matte r of cominon know ledge at the front among the milli ons of fight ers on both aides . But peopl e at home conti nued to live on the ld stock of tradi tiona l ideas . The fight ers soon reali zed that a gulf had opene d behin d them, cutti ng them off from their kin, their frien ds, their fellow coun try. men, who, beyon d the dange r zone, serve d too, by stand ing and waiti ng. It seeme d impo ssible to bridg e the abyss . There came then into being two world s, two mann ers of life, two natio ns: the one at the front , the other in the rear, at home. Truly , war news passe d from one to the other , over the gulf, and priva te corre spond ence, even men: wounded going to hosp ital, soldi ers on leave going home, but ideas never passe d, nor visio ns, image s of the dread ful exper ience . The two natio ns migh t speak the eame langu age, but words had diffe rent mean ings and evoke d diffe rent sensa tions . The front under stood that the rear did not under sta.nd them. It was so diffi cult to expla in the war, and then there was the censo rship which acted upon the principle that bare truth was indig estib le food or the citiz ens, it had to be prepa red with a good sauce . One must be caref ul not to enerv ate the publi c, not to endan ger bis mora le with crude revel ation s. the gr at weapo ns of the war? Was not secre cy one of And the secre t wae kept ••• until the day when ��-24- it could be told. The rear felt vaguely that there was some mi under• standing between it and the front. The rear were puzzled. Many of them concluded that the combatants were too proud of the spectacular and glorioue partit had been their privilege to play, that they had contempt for the soldier who was given a safe soft job, and for the civilian who warmed his slippered feet by the home fires, while the trench men stood in heavy boots plunged in icy mire. The rear was mistaken. The trench men were irritated by the war talk of the rear, by their candid patriotism, by their offhand use of such terrible and sacred words as courage, devotion, sacrifice, never yield, the bitter end, our heroism. utter these words? What right had they to Among trench men they were ever present in their thoughte but never uttered, for they conjured a world of agonies, horrors and mental diaputation. The word ~ actually provoked their anger. I saw one day one of my men reading a Paris newspaper in the trench, and aa his eyes met the word heroes in a very patriotic, confidenceTinspirin g article, the poilu grew red in the face, crumpled up the sheet with rage and threw it in the mud: "Heroes! heroes!" he gasped, suffocating; "those people in Parie make a joke of our misery." Now the war is over, but the gulf still lies between the two worlds; now il can be told, a.nd i t must be told. Not by army leaders, nor by poli- ticians, nor by brilliant war correspondents, however often they visited the front, but by cornbatants, men who did not visit, but who dwelt for years in the kingdom of fear and death. Every private, every officer who lived the life and dangers of a private, must tell his long-kept secret, in hie home, in his village, to the public at large if he is able to lecture or to write. For the sake of the future peace of the world, combatants ought to break down the fence of public indifference, and laying aaide all reserve or proud modesty, they ought to speak out, to unburden their souls. The weight some have been bearing is too great, and their solitary meditations may lead--have led indeed--to suicide. I ask earnestly of the American ��-25people to have pity for their soldiers, in a spiritual much more than in a material sense. · They do not ask for your admiration, nor for you hero-worahip: these would remind them painfully of your lack of understanding. niat they crave is your sympathy, your kindly interest in their ghastly experienc~ your curious desire to learn from them the simple awful truth, in such opposition with the traditions you accept, and to understand the lesson paid for in millions of human lives. If the lesson is unheeded, if the Great Illu- sion preserves its prestige, another great war will come, in spite of conferencee, leagues, limita}ons of armament and pacifistic propaganda. Listen to the combatant, he is the true pacifist, because pacifism rests not on the knowledge of peace, but on that of war, and here, I repeat, none but the combatant knows what he is talking about. That is the gist of an after dinN ner speech by General Lejeune, head of the Marine Corps and who commanded in the Ch~teau Thierry eector the fifth and sixth regimente of marines at the fight of Belleau Wood, the bloodiest action (of thet scale) of all American engagements in France. I had finished writing this lecture when l read in the Atlantic Monthly for December an article by a colonel of artillery, a est Pointer: Shock and After." Read it, if you haven't~ I enjoyed the article, painfully. reread it if you have: "Shell you will discover now between the lines the things left unaaid and which I said today. Soldiera of other countries, and especi- ally of France, are writing freely about their unadorned war experiencee •. But the American soldier appears to be inarticulate and he lives his after war days in sullen, dwnb, unrelieved, uncomforted stoicism. Poor fellow1 Is it that the American people, more so than Europeans, ha.a made the eubject of war taboo? Oris it that the war experience of the A.E.F. albeit long enough for them to tas t:t the bitter cup to the dregs, was too short to accustom them to the idea that fear in battle is hwnan, and normal, and shamelees- and ennobling? Perhaps both reasons explain the heart breaking silence. The above mentioned article may be the first of a seriea, it may prove to be the ��-2sthe national awakening to war reeponsibilitiee. small still Awaiting thi9, I beseech you to inform yourselves on the subject, to read what is already available in the simple, truthful soldier confessions; the French ones, the best of them at least, being the most beautiful things ever written on the subject. Read Maurice Genevoix, in Sous Verdun, unfor- tunately still garbled by a censorshi~ that passed every word of the bitter, unjust Barbusse. Read Paul Lintier (a master of style like Genevoix) in Ma Piece, and in Le Tube 1233, the bloody manuecript of which was found on hie dead body, when he and his 75 were both destroyed by one shell. Read I the three books by Lieutenant Pericard, who sharee with the aviator Guynemer the honor of being the most popular French hero. made the sublime call: "Debout les morts!" He ie the one who I shall conclude with one of his pages, dealing with his fear:--"I have spoken freely. of my fear: twenty times in Face~ Face, ten times in Ceux de Verdun. said tome: about One of my friends 'You are exposing yourself to unjust judgment with this frank- ness of yours. If we are to believe what you say, you are a coward.' If in my stories I have given the impression that I am a coward I must have expressed myself very inadequately. to be cowardly is repugnant tome. ie animal and ignoble. the front. It pleases me to confess my fear, but Fear is human and noble; the other thing Yes, I have euffered from fear ever since I came to I have suffered from it more than others perhaps, becauee my wild imagination hurled me into fear, hands and feet bound. imagination is, the more harmful it is. The more active The reactiona caused in a man by the threat of danger are in direct ratio#, not to his courage, but to his impressionability. The man most open to fear, will not be the leaet brave. Thue thought Socrates, who was in the fight at Delium and at Potidoea, a.nd this war has made clear tome the following sentence from the Phoedo until then had remained mysterious: cause they are afraid.•• hich 'O Simmias, men are valiant only be- �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monographie imprimée Description An account of the resource Ouvrages imprimés édités au cours des 16e-20e siècles et conservés dans les bibliothèques de l'université et d'autres partenaires du projet (bibliothèques municipales, archives et chambre de commerce) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Courage and fear in battle according to tradition and in the Great war : lecture delivered Feb. 14, 1922 at Williams College in the series of weekly public lectures by the Faculty Subject The topic of the resource Histoire Description An account of the resource Des écrivains à « Debout les morts ! » de l'adjudant Péricard pour galvaniser sa compagnie, Norton Cru analyse l'héroïsme et la lâcheté aux combats pour conclure, avec le Phédon « Ô Simmias, les hommes ne sont vaillants que parce qu'ils ont peur » Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cru, Jean Norton (1879-1949) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived BU des Fenouillères - Arts, lettres et sciences humaines (Aix-en-Provence), cote MS 75 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1921 (ca) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource domaine public public domain Relation A related resource Notice du catalogue : http://www.sudoc.fr/241446643 Vignette : https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/vignette/BULA-MS-75_Cru-Norton_Courage_vignette.jpg Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf 1 vol 26 p. dactyl. : 5 pl. 22 x 28 cm Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text monographie imprimée printed monograph Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/items/show/431 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Europe. 19.. Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. BU des Fenouillères - Arts, lettres et sciences humaines (Aix-en-Provence) Abstract A summary of the resource. Note : une référence à l'"Atlantic Monthly" de décembre 1921 indique que Norton Cru a terminé de rédiger cette conférence à la toute fin de 1921 ou au tout début de 1922<br /><br />Ce tapuscrit fait partie d'un lot de documents offerts à la BU des Lettres d'Aix par la veuve de Norton Cru, Rose Cru, et Hélène Vogel, la jeune soeur de Norton Cru.<br /><br /> Pour plus de détails, lire le billet de Marie-Françoise Attard-Maraninchi, <em>chercheure au sein de <a href="http://telemme.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/membres/Marie-Fran%C3%A7oise_Attard-Maraninchi">l’UMR TELEMME</a> (Temps, Espaces, Langages, Europe Méridionale-Méditerranée) à Aix-Marseille Université</em> : <a href="https://tresoramu.hypotheses.org/752" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Le fonds Norton Cru à la BU de Lettres d’Aix-en-Provence"><em>Le fonds Norton Cru à la BU de Lettres d’Aix-en-Provence</em></a> Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) -- Aspect psychologique Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) -- Littérature et guerre https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/original/1/452/MS-73_Cru-Norton_War-books.pdf 3a5f69163889fd303fd35c70f8fcf115 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monographie imprimée Description An account of the resource Ouvrages imprimés édités au cours des 16e-20e siècles et conservés dans les bibliothèques de l'université et d'autres partenaires du projet (bibliothèques municipales, archives et chambre de commerce) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource War books, a study in historical criticism, by Jean Norton Cru. From the original French Du Témoignage, published in Paris, February 1931, by Librairie Gallimard (NRF), and itself compiled from Témoins by the same author, a large octavo of 740 pages published in Paris, October 1929, by Les Etincelles Subject The topic of the resource Histoire Description An account of the resource Pour Norton Cru, le récit de la Grande Guerre et la vérité historique doivent reposer avant tout sur l'authenticité des témoignages de ceux qui ont réellement vécu les combats et en ont compris le sens réel. Un propos à l'époque très polémique... Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cru, Jean Norton (1879-1949) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived BU des Fenouillères - Arts, lettres et sciences humaines (Aix-en-Provence), cote MS 73 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Les Etincelles (Paris) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource domaine public public domain Relation A related resource Notice du catalogue : http://www.sudoc.fr/241576644 Notice du catalogue : http://www.calames.abes.fr/pub/#details?id=Calames-20222192361631 Vignette : https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/vignette/MS-73_Cru-Norton_War-books_vignette.jpg Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf 1 vol. II-169 p. 29 x 24,5 cm Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text monographie imprimée printed monograph Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/items/show/452 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Europe. 19.. Abstract A summary of the resource. Note : tapuscrit, copie dactylographiée de II-169 p., dans rel. mécanique noire 29 x 24,5 cm., don de la soeur de l'auteur 1969 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. BU des Fenouillères - Arts, lettres et sciences humaines (Aix-en-Provence) Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) -- Aspect psychologique Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) -- Littérature et guerre https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/original/1/481/MS-75_Cru-Norton_Notes-guerre-presse.pdf 188d455a4884d3f2c4d0f3f215441b4d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monographie imprimée Description An account of the resource Ouvrages imprimés édités au cours des 16e-20e siècles et conservés dans les bibliothèques de l'université et d'autres partenaires du projet (bibliothèques municipales, archives et chambre de commerce) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revictualling the Verdun lines, by a French sergeant : article de presse paru dans l'édition du quotidien "Manchester Guardian" datée du 9 mai 1917 Subject The topic of the resource Histoire Description An account of the resource De la difficulté de ravitailler les soldats français présents dans les tranchées de Verdun en 1916 et 1917 : quels souvenirs garderont-ils de toutes ces souffrances ? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cru, Jean Norton (1879-1949) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived BU des Fenouillères - Arts, lettres et sciences humaines (Aix-en-Provence), cote MS 75 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Taylor and Garnett (Manchester) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1917 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource domaine public public domain Relation A related resource Notice du catalogue : http://www.sudoc.fr/253357780 Vignette : https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/vignette/MS-75_Cru-Norton_Notes-guerre-presse_vignette.jpg Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf 1 pièce 3 f. Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text monographie imprimée printed monograph Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/items/show/481 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Verdun. 19.. Abstract A summary of the resource. Pièce de 3 feuillets exposant la coupure de presse parue dans le quotifdien "Manchester Guardian" du 9mai 1917 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. BU des Fenouillères - Arts, lettres et sciences humaines (Aix-en-Provence) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. <i><i>Revictualling the Verdun lines, by a French sergeant : article de presse paru dans l'édition du quotidien "Manchester Guardian" datée du 9 mai 1917 <br /></i></i>- Feuille <i>Verdun</i> ; 19 ; 1882 ; France. Ministère des travaux-publics. Direction des cartes et plans ; Hellé, E. (graveur) ; Imp. Lemercier &amp; Cie (Paris). - Publiée (…) en 1882 <br />- Lien vers la page : <a href="http://www.cartomundi.fr/site/E01.aspx?FC=39704" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.cartomundi.fr/site/E01.aspx?FC=39704</a> Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) -- Opérations militaires -- France -- Verdun (Meuse) Manchester (N. H.) -- 20e siècle -- Périodiques https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/original/1/974/LAP-284_LaPradelle_Affaire-Blackmer.pdf 3410367df1fa9e83af70b74962cc3995 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monographie imprimée Description An account of the resource Ouvrages imprimés édités au cours des 16e-20e siècles et conservés dans les bibliothèques de l'université et d'autres partenaires du projet (bibliothèques municipales, archives et chambre de commerce) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Causes célèbres du droit des gens. Affaire Henry M. Blackmer. Extradition Subject The topic of the resource Droit international Jurisprudence après 1789 Droit fiscal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource La Pradelle, Albert Geouffre de (1871-1955). Auteur Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque droit Schuman (Aix-en-Provence), cote LAP 284 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Ed. internationales (Paris) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource domaine public public domain Relation A related resource Notice du catalogue : https://www.sudoc.fr/088459543 Vignette : https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/vignette/LAP-284_LaPradelle_Affaire-Blackmer_vignette.pdf Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf 1 vol. 208 p. 25 cm Language A language of the resource fre eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text monographie imprimée printed monograph Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/items/show/974 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Bibliothèque droit Schuman (Aix-en-Provence) Description An account of the resource Le Trésor Fédéral des États-Unis accuse H. M. Blackmer d'avoir fait sous serment une fausse déclaration fiscale : la France doit-elle extrader ce citoyen américain convaincu du grave de crime de parjure vers les États-Unis ? Abstract A summary of the resource. Pour une majorité d'Américains, le dollar c'est plus que leur monnaie nationale : malgré une dette abyssale et un excès de création monétaire, il est le symbole de la puissance des Etats-Unis, souvent une raison de vivre, parfois une raison d'être. <br /><br />Comme la Réserve Fédérale, le Trésor Fédéral Américain n'est pas une administration comme une autre : garante du budget fédéral et de la monnaie nationale, elle jouit de prérogatives importantes en matière fiscale et de pouvoirs de contrainte exorbitants. Dans ce cadre, le contribuable Américain présente une particularité : quel que soit son lieu de résidence dans le monde, tout citoyen de cette nationalité est redevable de l'impôt et doit déclarer ses revenus auprès du fisc américain.<br /><br />En fait, Henry M. Blackmer, riche pétrolier américain, n'a pas enfreint cette obligation absolue mais il a triché : selon le chef d'accusation du Trésor US, il a rédigé une déclaration inexacte relative à ses revenus de 1920 et de 1921 et, faute (de goût) suprême, il l'a fait sous serment (en pleine période de prohibition, c'est malin !). Pourtant Blackmer n'ignore pas que chez Oncle Sam, cette fraude est très mal perçue mais pire, il l'a commise sous serment, donc coupable de crime de "<em>perjury</em>" (parjure). Il n'en faut pas plus pour que l'administration fiscale demande officiellement son extradition à la France, pays où il réside alors.<br /><br /> <div><img src="https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/thumbnails/US_10_Series_2003.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><em>Le trésor américain (billet de 10 dollars US)</em></div> <br />L'analyse d'A. La Pradelle ne va pas dans ce sens : parmi les motifs énumérés par le traité qui justifient une extradition, le 9ème cas mentionne bien "<em>le faux serment, faux témoignage, subornation de témoin, </em><em>d'expert ou d'interprète</em>". Sauf que le faux serment, pour être puni selon la loi française, doit avoir été prêté <em>en justice</em>, ce qui n'est pas le cas d'une déclaration de revenus en France. Seul le motif de préjudice ou dommage (<em>injury</em>), qui implique en droit civil une réparation, est retenu contre lui. Où l'affaire se complique c'est qu'un traité d'extradition, aussi réciproque et équilibré soit-il, n'entraîne jamais d'automaticité : il s'agit toujours d'une demande que seul un tribunal et un juge (français dans le cas présent) peuvent ou non accepter selon les termes du traité traduit en français (le juge doit ignorer le texte anglais et s'en tenir strictement à la version dans sa langue natale) ainsi que le droit français en vigueur.<br /><br /> <div><img src="https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/thumbnails/watchdog.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><em>Le chien de garde du Trésor américain - attention,... (Philadelphie, 1880)</em></div> <br /><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;" class="">Comme souvent en matière d'extradition, l'affaire fait grand bruit outre-Atlantique et la presse s'empare du procès. Un câble spécial du New York Times du 22 nov. 1928 annonce le jour même : "</span></span></span><em>Blackmer devant le tribunal d'extradition de Paris ; Décision anticipée refusant notre demande prévue"</em>.<br /> <div class="css-1vkm6nb ehdk2mb0"><br /><img src="https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/thumbnails/The-New-York-Times_1928.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /> <div style="text-align: center;"><em>Archives du New York Times, facsimilé de la Une, éd. du 22 novembre 1928 (1)<br /></em></div> </div> <p>L'article s'attache à l'aspect très formel de la procédure parce que, par nature, une extradition c'est d'abord une démarche procédurale complexe qui doit interpréter un traité international tout en respectant le droit interne (par ex., depuis la loi Badinter sur l'abolition de la peine de mort et son introduction dans la Constitution, la France refuse toute extradition vers un État où l'extradé risquerait la peine capitale).<br /><br /><em>PARIS, Nov. 21.--The Blackmer case advanced to its conclusive stage today when Henry M. Blackmer, wealthy oil man whom the American Government is trying to extradite from France, appeared before a magistrate to establish his identity under legal proceedings which were...</em><br /><br /><em>PARIS, 21 novembre.--L'affaire Blackmer a atteint sa phase finale aujourd'hui lorsque Henry M. Blackmer, riche pétrolier que le gouvernement américain tente d'extrader de France, a comparu devant un magistrat pour établir son identité dans le cadre d'une procédure judiciaire qui a été...</em></p> <br />Au cours de son audience du 27 nov. 1928, la Chambre d'accusation rendra sa décision dans la plus grande sobriété : "<em>La Chambre des mises en accusation a, dans son </em><em>arrêt rendu à quinzaine, émis un avis défavorable à la demande d'extradition</em>".<br /><br /><br />1. Edition du 22 nov. 1928. - https://www.loc.gov/resource/acd.2a07198/ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Etats-Unis. 19.. France. 19.. Blackmer Henry M., Affaire (1920-1928) Droit international -- Jurisprudence -- 20e siècle Extradition -- États-Unis -- 20e siècle Extradition -- France -- 20e siècle https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/original/1/975/LAP-17171_Lapradelle_Salem.pdf 2d0e1707d1ac2fbd648036d397f2b8dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monographie imprimée Description An account of the resource Ouvrages imprimés édités au cours des 16e-20e siècles et conservés dans les bibliothèques de l'université et d'autres partenaires du projet (bibliothèques municipales, archives et chambre de commerce) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Causes célèbres du droit des gens. Affaire Salem (Égypte-États-Unis d'Amérique) Subject The topic of the resource Droit international Jurisprudence après 1789 Description An account of the resource Au moment des faits, quelle est la nationalité de Georges Youssef Salem ? Américaine, égyptienne, persane, apatride ? Un récit de vingt ans qui devient un imbroglio international et qui s'achève dans une course contre la montre Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource La Pradelle, Albert Geouffre de (1871-1955). Auteur Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque droit Schuman (Aix-en-Provence), cote 17171 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Ed. internationales (Paris) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1937 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource domaine public Relation A related resource Notice du catalogue : <br /><a href="https://www.sudoc.fr/267833849">https://www.sudoc.fr/267833849</a> Vignette : https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/vignette/LAP-17171_Lapradelle_Salem_vignette.jpg Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf 1 vol. 412 p. 1 ill. 25 cm Language A language of the resource fre eng Type The nature or genre of the resource monographie imprimée Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/items/show/975 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Egypte. 19.. Etats-Unis. 19.. Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Bibliothèque droit Schuman (Aix-en-Provence) Abstract A summary of the resource. Que peut-on vraiment dire de l'affaire Salem ? Au premier abord, qu'il s'agit d'une question de passeport et de nationalité, pas beaucoup plus. Entrer dans le détail, c'est plonger dans la chronologie d'une biographie banale où les allers-retours d'un citoyen ordinaire entre les Etats-Unis et l'Égypte finissent, en raison de leurs législations nationales, par créer la plus grande confusion sur sa nationalité réelle : une affaire qui se transforme en un tel enchevêtrent de doutes, d'incohérences, de malentendus, et de décisions administratives que les deux pays finiront par accepter l'idée d'un arbitrage international pour trouver une issue honorable à toutes les parties. D'où le sentiment d'un récit plein d'humanité mais que l'on a bien du mal à suivre.<br /><br /> <div><img src="https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/original/Tribunal-arbitral-Salem_1931.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><em>Le Tribunal arbitral au grand complet - 11 hommes sans colère (Salem, 1931)</em></div> <br />Le document publié par La Pradelle tente tout de même d'en faire une présentation claire : pas moins de 60 pages qui ne peuvent faire l'économie d'un copieux historique et qu'il faut lire attentivement pour en comprendre l'essentiel. On peut également consulter une source américaine qui propose une remarquable synthèse de l'affaire, si l'on vient à bout de 40 pages d'exposés assez denses (1).<br /><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br />Rappel des faits : en 1862, le père de Georges, persécuté par les Turcs, fuit la Syrie pour s'installer en Égypte avec un passeport persan. Faisant fortune, il fait venir son frère Goubran qui se révèle tellement plus doué que lui pour le commerce qu'il qui va le mener à la ruine. À sa mort, en 1895, Goubran fait venir son neveu, Georges (héros de l'histoire). Après un échec scolaire, Georges part s'installer aux Etats-Unis en 1902 et devient diplômé en agriculture en 1906. Il revient en 1907 en Égypte, persuadé que son père avait laissé une fortune que Goubran (l'oncle) se serait appropriée. Goubran lui démontre le contraire et Georges finit par signer une reconnaissance de dettes. De retour aux Etats-Unis, il obtient la nationalité américaine en 1908 après avoir juré qu'il a résidé sur le territoire depuis 5 ans et qu'il est de nationalité égyptienne. L'année suivante, il revient en Égypte avec sa toute nouvelle nationalité étoilée et la protection qu'elle lui assure. Mais pour la conserver, il lui faut à tout prix être embauché par l'Agence américaine du Caire sous peine de tomber sous la <em>présomption d'expatriation</em> à partir de 1911. La présomption d'expatriation, inscrite dans la <em>loi américaine de naturalisation</em>, et Georges le sait bien, s'applique au bout de deux ans à tout naturalisé qui retourne dans son pays d'origine, et au bout de cinq ans à tout naturalisé qui réside dans un autre pays étranger. Georges multiplie les démarches mais peine perdue, il doit revenir d'urgence aux Etats-Unis en 1911 pour obtenir d'extrême justesse un nouveau passeport américain. De retour en Égypte, il se souvient que son père était enregistré au Caire sous la nationalité persane : il s'empresse de transmettre le document au Département d'État américain qui en accuse réception. Salem pense alors qu'il a droit, en toute sérénité, de séjourner cinq ans en Égypte, ce pays étant considéré comme pays étranger pour lui. Mais deux ans plus tard, en 1913, il est mêlé à une affaire : pour se défendre, il met en avant sa nationalité américaine : l'Égypte en doute et interroge les Etats-Unis qui soulèvent la présomption d'expatriation. Pour la seconde fois, il y retourne précipitamment et parvient une fois de plus à obtenir le passeport US. Il revient aussitôt en Égypte mais le gouvernement égyptien émet de fortes réserves quant à l'origine de sa nationalité : c'est ainsi que démarrent les évènements et l'affaire Salem. <br /><br /></span></span></span> <div><img src="https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/fullsize/piece-D-certificat-nationalite.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><em>Le certificat de nationalité US remis à l'Égypte (Salem, pièce D, 1927)</em></div> <span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br />Les procédures qui s'ensuivent sont à l'image des faits exposés... L'affaire à laquelle il est mêlé se poursuivant, les Etats-Unis informent l'Égypte en 1915 que Salem n'a plus la nationalité américaine. Il relève donc des tribunaux locaux. Durant toute l'année 1916, Salem tentera de faire tomber la présomption d'expatriation. En 1917, il sera poursuivi comme faussaire ce qui le motivera à engager un procès contre le Gouvernement égyptien devant les tribunaux mixtes aboutissant à une réclamation diplomatique du Gouvernement des États-Unis pour une indemnité s'élevant à 211 724 livres égyptiennes (or), au nom de George J. Salem, né en Égypte et naturalisé aux États-Unis :<br /><br /><em>"</em></span></span><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">La demande est fondée : <br /></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;" class="">&nbsp;&nbsp; 1. Sur le traitement subi par Salem de la part du local égyptien </span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">et des autorités mixtes, ce qui est considéré comme un déni de ses droits.<br /></span></em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; 2. Sur la prétendue violation des droits issus de traités des États-Unis.</em>"</span><br /><br />Les deux États parviendront à un accord arbitral seulement en 1931 (le recours à un arbitrage a alors été très mal perçu par l'opinion publique égyptienne) <br /><br /> <div><img src="https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/original/accord-arbitral.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><em>L'accord arbitral conclu entre les Etats-Unis et l'Égypte (Affaire Salem, 1931)</em></div> <br />A. de La Pradelle conclura en juillet 1931 que la responsabilité du Gouvernement Royal d'Égypte ne pouvait être engagée. Le Tribunal arbitral donnera son verdict :<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; "<em>1. <span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Le Gouvernement royal d'Égypte n'est pas responsable, en vertu des principes de droit et d'équité, des dommages-intérêts envers le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique en raison du traitement accordé au citoyen américain George J. Salem.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; 2. </span></em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><em>Par conséquent, il n'y a pas de place pour répondre à la deuxième question</em>".</span><br /><br /> <div><img src="https://odyssee.univ-amu.fr/files/fullsize/dommage-urgence.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><em>dommage et urgence (Affaire Salem, 1931)</em></div> <br />Après ce dédouanement total du Gouvernement égyptien, la sentence définitive sera prononcée le 8 juin 1932, apportant un élément de réflexion juridique sur la responsabilité d'un Etat, sur la tendance américaine à projeter sa législation au niveau international et une lecture plus politique sur la réalité des tribunaux mixtes de l'époque (3).<br /> <p class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md">_______________<br />1. Salem case&nbsp; (Egypt, U.S.A.) // Affaire Salem (Égypte-États-Unis) <span id="rightPanelSecondTitle">Sentence - 8 juin 1932 </span>- site consulté version anglaise, version française accessible <a href="https://jusmundi.com/fr/document/decision/en-salem-case-egypt-u-s-a-award-wednesday-8th-june-1932" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Jusmundi</em></a><br />2. Les pièces reproduites ici (contraste artificiellement accentué) ont été extraites d'un mémoire original dactylographié [1931 ?] : Arbitrage États-Unis-Égypte : Protocole du 20 janvier 1931 : Mémoire des États-Unis d'Amérique dans l'affaire de Georges J. Salem contre le Gouvernement royal d'Égypte / États-Unis - Cote LAP 2118 - <a href="943262" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>consultation sur place</em></a><br />3. P. Arminjon. - Un arbitrage égypto-américain sur les réclamations faites par le gouvernement des États-Unis en raison de la prétendue violation des droits d’un de ses sujets - in Revue de droit international (Clunet), t. 60, p. 786 (1933), <a href="http://uniset.ca/other/art/arminjon_salem.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Affaire Salem (Etats Unis c/Egypte)</em></a></p> <p class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md"><br /><br /><br /></p> Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. affaire Salem (Egypte-Etats-Unis d'Amérique) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Causes célèbres du droit des gens. Affaire Salem (Égypte-États-Unis d'Amérique) <br /><br />- Feuille <i>Cairo west (a) </i> ; 91/I-I N.E. ; 1912 ; 2nd Edition 1912 ; Survey Department. Surveyed in 1892 ; 1st Edition 1907 ; revised in 1910 ; surveyed in 1911 ; reprint in 1911 <br />- Lien vers la page : <a href="http://www.cartomundi.fr/site/E01.aspx?FC=1100" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.cartomundi.fr/site/E01.aspx?FC=1100</a><a href="http://www.cartomundi.fr/site/E01.aspx?FC=27411" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> Droit international -- Jurisprudence -- 20e siècle Expatriation -- Égypte -- 20e siècle Expatriation -- États-Unis -- 20e siècle Extradition -- Égypte -- 20e siècle Extradition -- États-Unis -- 20e siècle Nationalité (droit international) -- 20e siècle Salem, Georges (1883-1937)